• Early blight

  stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the [...] three days later and sporulation within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species [...] early blight of potato and early blight of tomato, which presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark

• Verticillium wilt

  caused by Fusarium . The root system usually stays mostly intact. In rose, branches die off from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato [...] high and low temperatures and dehydration. Verticillium dahliae also survives as hyphae (mycelium) in crop residues. The fungus infects the roots of plants [...] the plant produces gum in the vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  seedlings by touching the plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops, for example through splashes of rain or irrigation. Both in greenhouses [...] brown centre. In potato, the disease usually only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves and subsequent [...] the name ring rot. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne and primary infection is mostly from

• Root and crown rot of strawberry

  New diseases in strawberry have been ascribed to Pestalotiopsis clavispora in the case of root and crown rot (of strawberry), first found in The Netherlands [...] Netherlands, and Pestalotiopsis longisetula in the case of leaf spots, such as leaf spot of strawberry and fruit rot reported mainly from Brazil. The genus is [...] necrotic areas in crown and root of strawberry. Plant development is slow, growth is retarded and rooting is poor. Transplants look weak and may die. It is

• Gummy stem blight

  conidiospores by water drops, tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia [...] after opening in areas suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves Prevent plant diseases by optimizing [...] narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits. The symptoms on stems, leaves and inside the fruits may occur together or individually. Life cycle and appearance

• Grape downy mildew

  mildew or grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola , is one of the most important diseases in wine and table grape production worldwide. The [...] spreads rapidly under warm and wet conditions, infecting leaves, shoots, and young berries, often resulting in severe yield and quality losses. Infections [...] monitoring of high-risk weather conditions are key to maintaining a healthy vineyard. Signs and damage symptoms of Grape downy mildew Symptoms of grape downy

• Southern blight

  distributed in all agricultural regions, predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas, where conditions of high humidity and high temperature followed by periods [...] causes darkening and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root. As a consequence, leaves higher up in the plant start [...] progresses, it causes darkening and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root. In highly humid conditions, white

• Blight of pepper

  blight and fruit rot of peppers and other important commercial crops. Damage symptoms Phytophthora causes root rot, seedling damping off and rot of stems [...] bulbs, tubers, leaves and fruits. Several Phytophthora species cause root- and crown rot in potted plants. The small roots die and brown-black lesions occur [...] occur on the larger roots. Plants wilt and the crown leaves drop off. Life cycle and appearance of Blight of pepper Phytophthora species are very destructive

• Black rot of carrots

  direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Black rot of carrots [...] stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the [...] petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species may differ in specific

• Angular leaf spot

  appearance of Angular leaf spot Xanthomonas fragariae overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria [...] also introduced in a crop in new transplants. This bacterium is very resistant to desiccation and can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but [...] are dispersed by rain, irrigation water or handling of the plants. Infection of the plants happens both passively and actively. Infection and disease development