• Verticillium wilt

  the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent tissue [...] microsclerotia are formed. The spread of the fungus by mycelium growth is limited. Dispersal from plant to plant takes place via water, soil particles, tools [...] cultivars Prevent damage to the roots by controlling the nematodes, as damaged spots can be used as points of entry Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant

• Angular leaf spot

  water-soaked lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular spots, often limited by the small veins. The distinctive feature is the way the lesions [...] humid conditions, bacteria ooze from the lesions on the leaves and form a secondary source of infection. They are dispersed by rain, irrigation water or handling [...] as dead leaves In field-grown tomato and pepper, rotate fields to prevent infection from volunteer plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity

• Spotted Wing Drosophila

  oviposition, the respiration tubes extend from the fruit but are difficult to see. Larval feeding in the fruit leads to fruit tissue collapse. Even if the fruits [...] fruit makes them unmarketable. The punctures made by the oviposition by D. suzukii exposes fruits to secondary pathogens (e.g. bacteria, fungi and yeasts) [...] distinguished from males of other Drosophila species or SWD females by a large dark spot on each wing, where their common name is derived from. Females have

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  nutrients from the living plant cells. The pathogens continue to grow inside the leaves and after a while new spore-bearing structures are protruding from the [...] extruding from the stomata. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and [...] How to prevent Downey mildew Choose resistant cultivars Use a wide crop rotation with non-host crops Prevent a humid microclimate. Achieve this by lowering

• Black rot of carrots

  infection and this may lead to death of seedlings. From the primary infection of leaves, this type of carrot disease can spread to the flowers (especially [...] : adjust the sowing date to avoid conditions conducive to infection. In greenhouses: avoid high RH. Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential [...] petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species may differ in specific symptoms

• Bacterial spot

  spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They [...] seed-transmitted. Disease development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection [...] and handling and aerosols. Many isolates are resistant to copper-containing pesticides. How to prevent Bacterial spot Use clean propagation material and

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  infection is mostly from infected propagation material. It spreads to other seedlings by touching the plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops [...] strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional infection is found, strict measures are taken to eradicate the infection [...] infection, but other than that the disease is difficult to distinguish from wilting caused by other pathogens. On potato tubers, first discolouration of

• Veni GoKlean

  chlorine, Free from carcinogenic or mutagenic effect, Free from danger of bacterial resistance, Long- lasting effect due to encapsulation, Non-corrosive, Non [...] produce, due to its disinfection property. Unique features Stable, safe, sustainable and cost effective, Universal range of application, Free from chlorine [...] and copper has a synergistic effect to disinfects all forms of microbes. Colloidal particles cause cold injury to microbial cell and further deactivate

• Black sigatoka disease

  discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity as much as possible by preventing [...] three days under optimal conditions (humidity close to saturation and temperature above 20 °C). How to prevent Black sigatoka disease Use resistant cultivars [...] spots or streaks on leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and

• Cottony cushion scale

  blocking the light from the leaves and reducing photosynthesis. Also due to the honeydew, cottony cushion scale infestations are often attended by ants. Life cycle [...] cushion scale, Icerya purchasi , is considered to have originated in Australia. It was accidentally introduced to California in about 1868 and devastated the [...] mostly caused by sap depletion; the shoots dry up and die, and defoliation occurs. In addition, the copious quantities of honeydew produced by the scales