• Loose smut of wheat

  ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected

• Southern blight

  favour development of the fungus. In the anamorphic form it does not produce spores or fruiting bodies; it only forms hyphae. In addition, germination is induced [...] this is rarely observed. The fruiting bodies are asexual and there are no spores, forming dark brown or black sclerotia which are rounded, irregular, or

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  The pathogens continue to grow inside the leaves and after a while new spore-bearing structures are protruding from the stomata. Because there are more

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  Ascochyta fungi develop most rapidly at temperatures below 20 °C and the spores require water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

• Fusarium wilt

  upwards on the outside of the plant. Most Fusarium species only make asexual spores. Some also produce ascospores. The Fusarium oxysporum life cycle, is similar

• Charcoal rot

  become blocked. Dispersal is almost solely by microsclerotia as opposed to by spores. Microsclerotia can be dispersed in soil particles by farm equipment, people

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  turning light-brown and sunken, later black with amber-coloured exudations of spores. In the early stages of wilting it is hard to distinguish from other wilt

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  transitions into its asexual phase, producing large quantities of conidia. These spores are highly adapted for aerial dispersal, distributed by wind and atmospheric