Apple collar rot

General Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogen that causes root rot, rhizome rot of strawberry, apple rot, apple collar rot and crown rot. It has an [...] enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing [...] containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed, that protrude through the stomata. Secondary infection is either by germinating sporangia

Gummy stem blight

tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits. The [...] water is present on the plant, at high relative humidity (RH) and on wounds. Leaves can be infected directly, through wounds, hydathodes (the end of leaf

Wheat bunt

contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in [...] an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during that period. Soil moisture between field capacity and permanent wilting point is best for infection. How [...] reduces the risk of infection by Triticum tritici and Triticum laevis . Since Triticum controversa mostly attacks the 2-3 leaf stage, this is less effective

Damping-off

little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the [...] conditions, especially dehydration. Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate and form [...] in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag

Apple scab

free water is available. They infect the plant by direct penetration of the cuticula and then grow between the cuticula and the epidermis of the plant cells [...] research that has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on release of ascospores and risk of infection, a decision support systems has been [...] between 18 and 24 °C, only 9 hours of leaf wetness is required, at lower temperatures this increases to 12-28 hours of leaf wetness for successful infection

Black leg of seedlings

little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the [...] the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Black leg of seedlings Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes [...] conditions, especially dehydration. Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate

Bacterial spot

development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata [...] and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent plant [...] General Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato

Early blight

leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread [...] Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival [...] several Alternaria spp. Typically, Alternaria causes early blight of potato and early blight of tomato, which presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and

Brown root rot, corky root rot

more and more destruction of the root system and subsequent loss of vigour and further wilting. Life cycle and appearance of Brown root rot, corky root [...] lycopersici is a fungal plant pathogen, infecting tomatoes and aubergine. It causes brown root rot and corky root rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this [...] looking plants in localized areas of the greenhouse or field. The affected plants may wilt. Also, interveinal chlorosis of leaves and premature defoliation

Loose smut of barley

emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. [...] hordei) Loose smut of barley General Ustilago nuda f.sp. hordei affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley [...] barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are