• Consumers

  natural enemies such as predatory mites , ladybugs, and parasitic wasps are released to combat harmful insects, in the same way as they do in the wild. [...] growers and farmers. In order to provide you with the best possible service as a consumer, we have drawn up a list of frequently asked questions. We hope [...] their prey. Natural pollination What is natural pollination? Vegetables such as tomatoes and sweet peppers are often propagated in greenhouses. By the time

• Fusarium spp.

  glumes and kernels become white, due to dehydration, and later turn pinkish-red as spores are formed. Ear infection decreases the baking quality of wheat and [...] foot and/or root rot of the infected host plant, and the disease may manifest as wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves. Life [...] overwinters for many years in the soil, and on crop residues of infected plants, as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora causes bacterial stem rot as well as soft rot. Stem rot is first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first [...] common, but does not often reach epidemic population densities. It can survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has [...] carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora can also be found as secondary pathogen in plants that are infected by other pathogens. The bacteria

• Dwarf bunt

  cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt. Damage symptoms Tilletia controversa causes (bunted) heads [...] The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without suitable host for as long as ten years. Seed-borne transmission does occur, but is less important from [...] laevis Life cycle and appearance of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main

• Southern blight

  the stem. As the damage progresses, it causes darkening and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root. As a consequence [...] observed in tomato crops in Florida in 1892, and it has been regularly reported as causing rotting to the root and stem in tomato plants. Significant losses [...] death of the plant. Symptoms begin with brown, aqueous lesions on the stem. As the damage progresses, it causes darkening and rotting of the stem, resulting

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  and stem rot, leaf lesions, fruit rot, fusarium head blight in cereals, such as wheat (fusarium head blight wheat) and post-harvest decay. Life cycle and [...] overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also [...] tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where

• Black sigatoka disease

  under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity as much as possible by preventing the occurrence of puddles and ensuring optimal [...] General Mycosphaerella fijiensis also known as black sigatoka, is an ascomycete fungus that causes leaf-spot of banana. Damage symptoms Black sigatoka

• Charcoal rot

  collapse and die. When the crown is cut, internal symptoms can be seen, such as discolouration of vascular and cortex tissue (outer tissue layer) to orange-brown [...] appearance of Charcoal rot The fungus survives in the soil and on crop residues as microsclerotia. In corn stalks, survival of up to 1.5 years has been reported [...] when the vessels become blocked. Dispersal is almost solely by microsclerotia as opposed to by spores. Microsclerotia can be dispersed in soil particles by

• Angular leaf spot

  film when it dries. Lesions may merge as they grow and later also become visible on the upper side of the leaf as irregular spots which are first reddish [...] propagation material and disease-free seed Remove sources of inoculum such as dead leaves In field-grown tomato and pepper, rotate fields to prevent infection

• Early blight

  Infection may take place within a few hours, with lesions occurring as rapidly as two to three days later and sporulation within five days. Infection is [...] causes early blight of potato and early blight of tomato, which presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the