• Phytoseiulus persimilis

  spider mites. The quantity of prey consumed depends on the predator and prey populations, the sex and age of the predator, and the temperature and relative [...] deutonymph and adult, except for the resting period in the larval and nymphal stages. On plants, the oval eggs are usually deposited close to, or in a spider [...] During the protonymphal, deutonymphal and adult stages the mites feed almost continuously. Protonymphs and deutonymphs are similar to the adults in appearance

• Fall Armyworm

  symptoms The developing larvae eat different parts of the host plant, depending on the crop, the stage of crop development, and the age of the larvae. On [...] pinkish or light green and spherical, and are usually laid on the underside of the leaves. The larvae ( caterpillars ) are 30-40 mm long. They have six instars [...] surface of the last segment. Pupae are reddish brown and measure 13 to 17 mm in length. The eggs hatch after 3-5 days. Over the next 2 to 3 weeks, the larvae

• Aphids

  fruit and ornamental crops and rendering them unmarketable. At the same time, photosynthesis in the leaves is reduced, affecting production. The aphid’s [...] winged and wingless forms of adults of the same species developing, depending on the conditions. Wingless adult aphids are known as apterous, and winged [...] mating occurs and eggs are laid, the life cycle is termed holocyclic (complete). In greenhouses, however, the alternation of host plant and egg-laying may

• Flies

  Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground and prefer moist substrates that is rich in organic matter [...] mostly found in the soil. The spotted wing drosophila , Drosophila suzukii , has recently developed into a major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America [...] Beneficial nematodes and predatory mites target fly larvae in the soil, while traps and attractants reduce adult populations and support monitoring. With

• Beetles

  before reaching the adult stage. Larvae have biting mouthparts and mostly feed on the same food as the adults. The pupae do not make a cocoon and will already [...] orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored products. There are many useful [...] larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other

• Plant Disease Management

  preventing the disease from spreading further. Crop rotation Crop rotation is a fundamental strategy, which means avoiding planting the same crop in the same [...] disease cycles and reduces the buildup of pathogens in the soil. Disease-resistant varieties Another vital aspect of prevention is the use of disease-resistant [...] plant pathogens, which are microorganisms that cause diseases in plants. The primary goal of biological control is to reduce the damage caused by these

• Root rot of carrot

  at the generic level. Årsvoll was the first to identify and describe the fungus in Norway, in 1965. An infection can occur through the soil and the air [...] various shapes. The lesions can merge and eventually cover the entire surface of the carrot. The affected areas are firm, shallow, and clearly visible [...] develop on the surface. Initially, the disease forms circular to irregular spots on the leaves that vary in colour from grey to almost black. The spots appear

• Leaf miners

  species in this family, only eleven are truly polyphagous. The species that cause most damage all belong to the genus Liriomyza and are very common in temperate [...] lost before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of [...] directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue which can lead to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic

• Early blight

  General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary [...] crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation

• Cottony cushion scale

  leaving the egg sac, the crawlers settle along the midribs and veins of the leaves. The next two instars migrate to the larger twigs and branches and eventually [...] depletion; the shoots dry up and die, and defoliation occurs. In addition, the copious quantities of honeydew produced by the scales coat the leaves, blocking [...] blocking the stomata and impeding gas exchange. Sooty moulds grow on the honeydew, blocking the light from the leaves and reducing photosynthesis. Also