Bacterial wilt, brown rot

quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical [...] for Race 3 is 27 °C, which makes it more dangerous in temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts [...] xylem vessels. In potato, it is tuber-borne. Spread from plant to plant results from bacteria moving from the roots of infected plants to neighbouring plants

Root and crown rot of strawberry

New diseases in strawberry have been ascribed to Pestalotiopsis clavispora in the case of root and crown rot (of strawberry), first found in The Netherlands [...] water levels in rootzone Avoid overhead irrigation, since it seems to increase disease development Provide balanced nutrition Avoid damage to the plants [...] clavispora. Pestalotiopsis clavispora has been connected to strawberry diseases, but has also been linked to rose diseases. Damage symptoms Pestalotiopsis clavispora

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

gutters etc. Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside [...] growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative [...] seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the

Black leg of seedlings

Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag in growth. Seedlings fall over (‘ damping-off ’). In slightly older plants [...] allow the disease to spread to neighbouring plants. The zoospores disperse via water. Therefore, this disease spreads most rapidly in wet conditions with [...] survive very well in the soil or substrate in the absence of plants. Many species are entirely saprophytic, so these do not harm plants. How to prevent Black

Apple scab

overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter [...] and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already fallen off the trees. In response to the infection, the [...] mechanism is to produce corky rings around the lesions to prevent further invasion of tissue by the fungus. Late fruit infection only results in small dark

Black root rot of cucurbits

away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may [...] that looks like black stripes. The disease is usually restricted to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of [...] may kill the plants. In case of a less severe infection, the vines may wilt at a late stage of the crop, but when water supply is in any way limited during

Verticillium wilt

produces gum in the vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores [...] are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk [...] system usually stays mostly intact. In rose, branches die off from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop [...] secondary pathogen in plants that are infected by other pathogens. The bacteria that causes black leg in potato is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial [...] lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later the fruit

Brown root rot, corky root rot

lycopersici survives in the soil and in buried tomato roots as microsclerotia. The microsclerotia germinate and produce mycelium that in turn infect the roots [...] fungus is a poor competitor against a balanced microbial population in soil. How to prevent Brown root rot, corky root rot Field crops: Fumigate the soil [...] rotation with non-host crops Delay planting in the spring until soil temperatures are higher Mound soil around the stem to promote adventitious root growth Greenhouse

Dwarf bunt

teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season [...] Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt [...] teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without