Grape downy mildew

climates and during unusually wet seasons in typically dry areas. Most grape cultivars are highly susceptible to downy mildew. Breeding programs started in the

Apple collar rot

remaining roots, infested leaves Choose less susceptible or resistant cultivars when available Prevent over-irrigating and be careful with overhead irrigation

Black rot of carrots

barley reduce the number of surviving conidia in the soil. Use resistant cultivars against black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ). Prevent damage during

Fusarium head blight or scab

Fusarium head blight or scab Remove or destroy crop residues Choose resistant cultivars Use clean propagation materials (seed can be treated effectively with hot

Wheat bunt

wilting point is best for infection. How to prevent Wheat bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use

Verticillium wilt

of 30 minutes Use clean seed, tubers or cuttings Grow less susceptible cultivars Prevent damage to the roots by controlling the nematodes, as damaged spots

Dwarf bunt

period of low soil temperatures. How to prevent Dwarf bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use

Phytophthora blight

remaining roots, infested leaves Choose less susceptible or resistant cultivars when available Prevent over-irrigating and be careful with overhead irrigation

Leaf miners

the host plant. This susceptibility can also vary considerably from one cultivar to another. Indirect damage arises when disease causing fungi or bacteria

Fusarium spp.

prevent Fusarium spp? Remove or destroy crop residues Select resistant cultivar Apply adequate crop rotation Use clean propagation material (seed can be