• Cottony soft rot

  dark sclerotia are formed. They can easily be seen with the naked eye and look like rat droppings. The symptoms may occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits [...] sclerotiorum ) infection are water-soaked lesions at the stem base. The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium grows on the lesions, giving [...] overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an

• Leaf stripe

  Damage symptoms Symptoms first occur on the first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base of the leaf [...] infection. The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced on the infected leaves when humidity is high and wind-dispersed to neighbouring [...] temperatures below 12 °C are most conducive for this disease and infection does not occur at soil temperatures above 15 °C. How to prevent Leaf stripe Produce

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  at the roots, there are three different symptoms. Small feeder roots rot completely. Small roots may show smooth brown lesions. On older roots, the outer [...] rot and corky root rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized areas of the greenhouse or field. The affected [...] corky and gradually break off. The corky areas often occur as horizontal bands on the roots with lengthwise cracks. No discoloration is present in the xylem

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  galls on the stems, which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the [...] takes place via wounds. After infection, galls are formed which break open, releasing many bacteria. These are dispersed by rain and wind and by humans and [...] General Rhizobium bacteria are soil bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes. Additionally, pathogenic Agr

• Blight of pepper

  cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are formed from the overwintering structures which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with [...] lesions occur on the larger roots. Plants wilt and the crown leaves drop off. Life cycle and appearance of Blight of pepper Phytophthora species are very destructive [...] into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed that protrude

• Apple collar rot

  cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are formed from the overwintering structures, which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with [...] black discolouration of the roots. On the foot, dark brown lesions with sharp borders occur. Above the graft and on leaves, dark brown, irregular lesions [...] of Apple collar rot Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They

• Loose smut of barley

  and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop [...] It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. They [...] after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of barley Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply

• Loose smut of wheat

  and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop [...] It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. They [...] after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply

• Caterpillars

  moth flying at night are usually inconspicuously brownish are greyish. Adult butterflies do not damage crops. Most of them feed on nectar. In contrast, [...] species are restricted to a single crop, most are polyphagous. Caterpillar damage Caterpillars can cause serious economic damage. Most species feed on leaves [...] Biological control of caterpillars Caterpillars are highly destructive pests that feed on leaves, stems and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by splashing rain drops or wind. On the infected ears, the typical pink spores are produced which may [...] the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse [...] by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected foot, conidia are produced that further spread the disease. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium