• Bacterial canker of tomato

  post-harvest storage. How to prevent Bacterial canker of tomato Use clean propagation material: Use only tested and disinfected seed Use only tested and certified [...] strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional infection is found, strict measures are taken to eradicate the infection [...] plastic bags, destroy crop residues, use protective clothing and gloves, disinfect tools and greenhouse structures Use a crop rotation in field crops of at

• Wheat bunt

  for infection. How to prevent Wheat bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days after sowing, with maximum disease incidence at an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  causes a genetic change in the plant. How to prevent Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall Use clean propagation material Use a strict hygiene protocol, including [...] Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside the irrigation [...] Additionally, pathogenic Agrobacterium s pecies have recently been assigned to the genus Rhizobium . These pathogenic bacteria were formerly known as Ag

• Bacterial spot

  and aerosols. Many isolates are resistant to copper-containing pesticides. How to prevent Bacterial spot Use clean propagation material and disease-free [...] surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial [...] is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds

• Black leg of seedlings

  so these do not harm plants. How to prevent Black leg of seedlings Use resistant cultivars or graft on tolerant cultivars Use clean planting material Ensure [...] Increase the distance to the main substrate at the start by using higher substrate blocks for the seedlings In field crops: Avoid the use of fields with inadequate [...] spores with flagellae, which enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards

• Early blight

  spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Sporulation of Alternaria occurs at temperatures from 2-4 °C [...] species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Early blight Remove crop residues, weeds and volunteer plants. Use clean seed and propagation materials [...] specific symptoms. Damage symptoms Alternaria solani causes small green to dark brown spots to occur on leaves. Those spots then turn into dark brown angular lesions

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  spores require water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Grow peas in arid regions Use clean seed Use a minimum crop rotation of four [...] elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The

• Dwarf bunt

  temperatures. How to prevent Dwarf bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected after emergence; the two- to three-leaf stage plants are most

• Parasitic wasps

  outbreaks of specific pest species. How do parasitic wasps control pests? Parasitic wasps employ two primary methods to control pests: parasitization and [...] body or attaches them to the host's exterior. Larval development: When the parasitic wasp eggs hatch, the newly emerged larvae begin to feed on the host pest [...] beneficial insects, animals, or the environment. Benefits of parasitic wasps Using parasitic wasps for pest control offers a range of benefits: Enhanced crop

• Root and crown rot of strawberry

  stimulates disease development. How to prevent Root and crown rot of strawberry Avoid stress: Take runner tips at the right stage to avoid stress and make plants [...] clavispora. Pestalotiopsis clavispora has been connected to strawberry diseases, but has also been linked to rose diseases. Damage symptoms Pestalotiopsis clavispora [...] Avoid overhead irrigation, since it seems to increase disease development Provide balanced nutrition Avoid damage to the plants by pest insects or plant handling