Southern blight

fungi cause necrosis of the young tissues and softening of the stem, cotyledons, and roots. The main damage caused by damping-off is reduction of the stand [...] for root and stem rot, wilting and damping-off of seedlings. It has a wide range of hosts, around 500 botanical species, including dicotyledons and monocotyledons [...] damage progresses, it causes darkening and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root. As a consequence, leaves higher

Aphidius colemani

colemani is most effective between 20 and 25°C (68 and 77°F). The effectivity is reduced at temperatures above 30°C/86°F. Behaviour of parasitic wasp Aphidius [...] spins a cocoon inside the aphid cuticle, causing it to swell. The cuticle turns from a hard, leathery brown to a golden yellow casing, known as a mummy [...] wasp leaves this mummy via a round hole. The colour and form of the mummy do not, however, provide a reliable key to the species of wasp within: many braconid

Caterpillars

damage crops. Most of them feed on nectar. In contrast, the caterpillars have biting and chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many [...] on leaves and young shoots, and their enormous feeding capacity can rapidly decimate a plant. Very small caterpillars are not able to chew and therefore [...] therefore graze the underside of leaves. This causes a window effect where the epidermis of the upper leaf surface remains undamaged. Young caterpillars are often

Fusarium wilt

wilt General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants. Life cycle and appearance of Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum has [...] each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different formae speciales may occur and cause different symptoms. Fusarium

Flies

lettuce, and herbs also causes cosmetic damage, and sometimes this can occur on such a scale that growth, particularly of young cuttings, can be retarded [...] re and mushroom cultivation. Species that can cause damage or nuisance, are particularly small flies of the families Sciaridae (sciarid flies) and Ephydridae [...] has recently developed into a major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their

Swirski-Mite

Pests Young larvae of various thrips species and eggs and larvae of whitefly . Crops Do not use in tomato. Mode of action Predatory mites pierce their [...] conditions Amblyseius swirskii is most effective at temperatures between 20 and 32°C (68 and 90°F). It is not effective at temperatures below 18°C/64°F. Amblyseius [...] Airbug or Natutec Airobug Dosage The dosage of Swirski-Mite depends on climate, crop and pest density and should always be adjusted to the particular situation

Verticillium wilt

albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important plant pathogens. Verticillium dahlia causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato. Damage [...] infects the roots of plants, directly or through wounds caused by for example nematodes. The fungus then grows into the vessels of the plant and produces spores [...] transpiration stream. As a defence mechanism, the plant produces gum in the vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to

Biological Pest Control

the risk of pesticide resistance, making it a sustainable and effective long-term strategy for pest management. Additionally, as consumers and retail i [...] the presence of natural enemies and beneficial organisms in the environment to maintain a balance between pests and their predators. Instead of introducing [...] them a safer option. Types of biological pest control There are three primary types of biological pest control methods: conservation, classical, and augmentative

Citrus mealybug

growth and causing deformation and / or yellowing of leaves, sometimes followed by defoliation. The overall effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore [...] Planococcus citri ) has a world-wide distribution and many and diverse host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse [...] aubergine. Life cycle of mealybugs Life cycle and appearance of Citrus mealybug Adult females of Planococcus citri are 2.5 - 4 mm long and 2 - 3 mm in breadth

Leaf miners

full-grown plants of fruiting vegetable crops, however, a considerable quantity of foliage can be lost before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel [...] tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of leaf miner. The older larvae make wider tunnels. Feeding [...] females can also reduce yield, although with the exception of ornamental crops, this is usually of less significance. Seedlings and young plants can be totally