Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

plant. How to prevent Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall Use clean propagation material Use a strict hygiene protocol, including disinfection of tools [...] established inside root nodules of legumes. Additionally, pathogenic Agrobacterium s pecies have recently been assigned to the genus Rhizobium . These pathogenic [...] Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium rubi, n ow the first part of the name is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter causes

Caterpillars

them difficult to detect and control. In addition to consumption of the plant, caterpillars also spoil the plant with the large quantities of frass they leave [...] damage to crops. The most harmful caterpillars that occur in greenhouses belong to the Noctuidae (the noctuid or owl moths), which is the largest of all [...] caterpillars are not able to chew and therefore graze the underside of leaves. This causes a window effect where the epidermis of the upper leaf surface remains

Grape powdery mildew

coloured. Shredding of flowers and poor fruit set due to floral infections. Early infected berries become malformed, cracking of skin of berries, shred and [...] affected plant parts. All the above ground plant parts are susceptible to infection. Powdery growth on both the surface of the leaves. Affected leaves becomes [...] Sanitation and proper pruning after shedding of leaves. Spray Veni GoKlean at the rate 1.25 to 1.5 ml per litre of water at 12-15 days intervals as preventative

Tomato

lycopersicum) belongs to the nightshade family of Solanaceae . The tomato is the edible fruit of this plant. The plant is native to Central and South America [...] America and the tropical highlands. Tomato plants usually grow to a height of between 1-3 metres (or 3-10 feet). Their stem is not so strong, so if not supported [...] climate, but in greenhouses they can sometimes sustain up to three years. A great number of tomato varieties is now cultivated in temperate climates around

Verticillium wilt

presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new [...] seems to recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk horizontally reveals a slight discolouration of the vessels [...] 25-27 °C. How to prevent Verticillium wilt Start with clean soil or substrate by heating it at a temperature if at least 65 o C for a minimum of 30 minutes

Cottony cushion scale

developed antennae and one pair of dusky wings, The adult ‘females’ produce 500 to 2000 bright-red, oblong eggs over a period of 2 to 3 months. After leaving the [...] combined length of up to 20 mm. The 'females' are actually hermaphrodites with fertilization occurring between the eggs and the sperm of the same individual [...] veins of the leaves. The next two instars migrate to the larger twigs and branches and eventually moult into the adult 'female'. There are two to four

Beet armyworm

substantial population of caterpillars, the damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. This often leads to the entire contents being [...] move to the ground in preparation for pupation. Although pupation sometimes occurs in the crop, it usually takes place on the surface of the ground in a [...] a regular problem for horticulturalists due to its resistance to nearly all insecticides, and its ability to develop on wild vegetation during the summer

Chilli thrips

thrips, is an emerging pest of significant concern in greenhouse cultivation. Known for its ability to damage a wide variety of crops, including ornamentals [...] poses challenges due to its rapid reproduction and widespread adaptability. Life cycle and damage of Scirthothrips The life cycle of Scirtothrips dorsalis [...] dorsalis consists of six stages: egg, two larval instars, pre-pupa, pupa, and adult. Eggs are inserted into plant tissue, making them difficult to detect. Females

Pink Bollworm

native to South Asian countries and has spread to all cotton growing regions of the world. Damage symptoms Shredding of buds due to infestation of flower [...] Formation of rosette flower owing to flower infestation. Entry hole is plugged with excreta of the insect which are feeding inside the boll. Reduction of lint [...] n, and destruction of seed. Premature drop off infested bud and immature bolls. Premature opened bolls attract saprophytic fungi to grow in it. Life cycle

Spotted Wing Drosophila

are difficult to see. Larval feeding in the fruit leads to fruit tissue collapse. Even if the fruits have not collapsed, the occurrence of larvae within [...] exposes fruits to secondary pathogens (e.g. bacteria, fungi and yeasts). Finally, deterioration of fruit can increase its susceptibility to attack by other [...] (e.g. cherries, plums) being particularly susceptible to infestation. Life cycle and appearance of Spotted wing drosophila Adult spotted-wing drosophila