• Blight of pepper

  rapidly when the water content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Blight of pepper Apply hygiene measures [...] drop off. Life cycle and appearance of Blight of pepper Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly [...] flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  the low number of bacteria in peach leaves slows down the spread both within this crop as well as from this crop to other crops. How to prevent Pierce's [...] increases the risk of infection in cultivated crops. The spread from one host plant species to another is still under investigation and seems to depend on the [...] Pierce's disease of grapevine Control vectors by using netting or applying insecticides Remove wild host plants and weeds to reduce the source of inoculum Use

• Loose smut of barley

  and within one to two days after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of barley Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact [...] emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. [...] cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next

• Loose smut of wheat

  appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat [...] and within one to two days after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact [...] or loose smut of wheat. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici remains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  Because there are more stomata on the underside of the leaf, this is where most fluffy symptoms are found. How to prevent Downey mildew Choose resistant cultivars [...] On the underside of the leave fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens extruding [...] stomata. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and Phytophthora. They

• Black rot of carrots

  infection and this may lead to death of seedlings. From the primary infection of leaves, this type of carrot disease can spread to the flowers (especially [...] cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, in the case of black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) up to 8 years. Damage symptoms [...] appearance of Black rot of carrots Black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) is a seed-transferred carrot disease. The seeds are the main source of primary

• Black leg of seedlings

  easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Black leg of seedlings Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes [...] substrate in the absence of plants. Many species are entirely saprophytic, so these do not harm plants. How to prevent Black leg of seedlings Use resistant [...] flagellae, which enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards them

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves and subsequent expansion of the wilt upwards. Cutting the [...] tubers can infect healthy tubers during post-harvest storage. How to prevent Bacterial canker of tomato Use clean propagation material: Use only tested and [...] rotation in field crops of at least two years and alternate with a non-host crop Apply deep-ploughing to stimulate the decay of crop residues Prevent plant

• Root rot of carrot

  only host plant of the fungus. How to prevent root rot of carrot Studies have shown that 3several key factors influencing the occurrence of blemishes and [...] cycle and appearance of Root rot of carrots The fungus of R. carotae has delicate, simple morphological features hence is not easy to place it at the generic [...] black spots over the entire surface of the carrot. These spots gradually change into larger dark brown to black lesions of various shapes. The lesions can

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  dispersed by water, air and soil particles. How to prevent Black root rot of cucurbits Test for the presence of Phomopsis sclerotioides with molecular tools [...] around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow and encircle the root. The roots become yellow-brown to black and ultimately [...] disease is usually restricted to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only vascular tissue