Tomato leafminer

soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil. When pupation [...] the leaf, stem or fruit. In the second to fourth instars they become greenish with a black band behind the head. The prepupae of the tomato leaf miner ( [...] The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta), a major pest of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes, belongs to the family of Gelechiidae . It is oligophagous, feeding

Whitefly

and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and the excess is excreted as honeydew, with larger larvae expelling [...] the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and drop. Such leaf damage can in turn influence [...] productive crops and prevent the spread of diseases. Biological control of whiteflies uses a combination of natural enemies and tools that target different

Plant Health

absence of toxic substances. Plant Health Products Embracing a systems approach for sustainable agriculture Recognizing the negative impacts of food production [...] fosters healthier and more resilient crops with minimal environmental impact. In conclusion, by reestablishing a systems approach to agriculture and integrating [...] the years, biological pest control has proven effective in managing pests without the drawbacks of chemical pesticides. Beneficial arthropods and insect

Beet armyworm

for the growth of the crop. With a substantial population of caterpillars, the damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. This [...] armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) lays its eggs in packets, sometimes in several layers, and on top of a mass of white, cottony hairs and scales from the moth’s [...] to 38 mm in length, with dark, wrinkled stripes dorsally and a yellow band running the length of the body on either side, above which there is a black dot

Crane flies

roots and crowns of grasses during the autumn.. Larvae overwinter in the soil, usually in the third instar stage. and start feeding again in spring. They become [...] General The larvae of crane flies , called leatherjackets, live in the soil and feed on roots and shoots (which they pull into the ground of mainly grasses [...] symptoms Larval feeding causes brown spots in grasslands, turf and cereal fields. Exit holes of the burrows of the larvae might also be visible. Secondary

Beneficial nematodes

are a group of parasitic nematodes that have a unique relationship with insects. These nematodes are natural predators of various insects and play a crucial [...] bodies, and they come in a variety of sizes, ranging from microscopic to several inches in length. Nematodes play various roles in ecosystems. Some are [...] nematodes in a refrigerated environment to maintain their effectiveness until the day of application Create a nematode suspension by mixing them with water

Coffee

are the source of one of the most popular beverages in the world. They are in fact, not actual beans, but the seeds of Coffea , a genus of flowering plants [...] It is a member of the Rubiaceae family and grows on shrubs native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical parts of Asia. Grown widely in the tropics [...] shrubs can bear fruit for about 50 to 60 years (even up to 100 years in some cases). The fruit or ‘cherries’ take an average 9 months to ripen.

Mealybugs and scales

low in proteins and rich in sugars. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess [...] attracted by the honeydew. In fact, the honeydew with its sooty mould is usually the first sign of the presence of this type of pest. Among ornamental crops [...] immobile, and covered with a hard scale (armoured scales and soft scales) or with waxy threads (mealybugs). They suck the sap of plants and are mostly

Aphids

aphids have two pairs of wings, one of which is much larger than the other. For a large part of the season an aphid population consists of viviparous females [...] extract large quantities of sap in order to get sufficient protein. As a consequence, the excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop [...] healthy, productive crops. Biological control of aphids uses a combination of natural enemies that attack aphids in different ways: Parasitic wasps Predatory

Tobacco whitefly

and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and the excess is excreted as honeydew, with larger larvae expelling [...] the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and fall. Such leaf damage can in turn influence [...] transmission of viruses, including TYLCV in tomato. The consumption of plant sap and secreting of honeydew by whiteflies reduce the aesthetic value of crops.