Cutworms

at first but rapidly turn darker. They are laid separately or in batches on the ground, or on the plant close to ground level. The larvae are yellowish [...] just after emergence and can reach 4 cm or more when fully grown. The caterpillars may be encountered in the soil in a characteristic, circular position. [...] while feeding on tender leaves of seedlings. Third to seventh instars become negatively phototaxic and feed mostly at night and hide in the ground during

Apple scab

unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores [...] parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already fallen off the trees. In response to the infection [...] the fungus. In cultivars that are more resistant, this happens faster so the lesions remain smaller. Based on the research that has been done on the influence

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

usually laid individually or in clusters on plant foliage or near mealybug-infested areas. They are typically yellow-white in color and may be found attached [...] various places, on any convenient stalk or on the underside of leaves or on even greenhouse materials. Pupae resemble fullgrown larvae, but are inactive, attached [...] brown or black coloration. Larvae have prominent mandibles and actively hunt and feed on mealybug nymphs and adults. Pupal stage: Larvae pupate in various

Cottony soft rot

sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between [...] rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big, dark sclerotia are formed [...] the naked eye and look like rat droppings. The symptoms may occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection often leads to premature

Flies

major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground [...] Frass deposited on leaves or flowers in ornamental crops, lettuce, and herbs also causes cosmetic damage, and sometimes this can occur on such a scale that [...] are several flies that are pests in agriculture, horticulture and mushroom cultivation. Species that can cause damage or nuisance, are particularly small

Codling moth

overwinter and pupate in spring. Larvae still in the apples at harvest can often be found in cracks in apple boxes or other places in the store. [...] cocoons under loose bark, cracks in trunks or supporting stalks, or other places. Depending on the climate, there are one, two or more generations per year. [...] hook-tipped bristles at the tip. In Europe, the first generation adults appear from mid May onwards. Eggs are laid singly on leaves or developing fruitlets and

Verticillium wilt

from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions are formed on the leaf, between the veins. 'Early dying' [...] are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk [...] vessels, brown or greenish, but much less distinct than the discolouration caused by Fusarium . The root system usually stays mostly intact. In rose, branches

Beetles

growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other species also feed on leaves. Adult beetles cause damage by feeding on fruits, flower buds [...] variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored products. There are many useful beetles as well. For instance, [...] beetles in your crop Life cycle of beetles Beetle damage Both larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing

Click beetles

black. The eggs are laid in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae (‘wireworms’) [...] yellowish brown or light brown with a darker head. Larval development takes 4 to 5 years. When fully grown the larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults [...] Their larvae are called wireworms and feed on the roots of many plants. Damage symptoms The click beetles feed on the roots and bore into the base of plants

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

oospores. From these oospores or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are produced. However, in downy mildews, sporangia often [...] fruits. They cause lesions on the upper leaf surface, bordered by the veins, which are first yellow and then turn brown. On the underside of the leave [...] General Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a plant pathogen causing downy mildew on cucurbit crops like cucumber, cantaloupe, pumpkin, watermelon and squash.