• Early blight

  only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection [...] three days later and sporulation within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species [...] residues, weeds and volunteer plants. Use clean seed and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are

• Charcoal rot

  entire plant. Life cycle and appearance of Charcoal rot The fungus survives in the soil and on crop residues as microsclerotia. In corn stalks, survival of [...] above 32 °C and dry conditions. In field crops in temperate regions it is therefore not a problem. How to prevent Charcoal rot Plant in fields with no [...] important food crops. Damage symptoms In strawberry, this pathogen causes wilting of foliage, stunting of plants and drying and death of older leaves. The youngest

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds. It invades the plants through wounds or stomata and then spreads [...] soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field [...] cycle and appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative [...] rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal [...] which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the crown. Furthermore

• Apple scab

  petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the lesions become grey and fluffy. The [...] unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores. Depending [...] are released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have

• Pomegranate wilt complex

  below bark and vascular discoloured bands in the stem and roots. Disease cycle The fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant debris and soil. [...] plants show yellowing in some branches or twigs followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish [...] insects, farm machinery and intercultural operations. Management Mix Veni GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of

• Verticillium wilt

  system usually stays mostly intact. In rose, branches die off from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions [...] periods (many years) in the soil as microsclerotia, small hard survival structures that can withstand high and low temperatures and dehydration. Verticillium [...] fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem seems wet and slimy. Above or below the hollow [...] the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later [...] survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  lycopersici survives in the soil and in buried tomato roots as microsclerotia. The microsclerotia germinate and produce mycelium that in turn infect the roots [...] tomatoes and aubergine. It causes brown root rot and corky root rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized [...] destruction of the root system and subsequent loss of vigour and further wilting. Life cycle and appearance of Brown root rot, corky root rot Pyrenochaeta l

• Grape downy mildew

  diseases in wine and table grape production worldwide. The disease spreads rapidly under warm and wet conditions, infecting leaves, shoots, and young berries [...] leaf drop in severe infections, reducing photosynthesis and vine vigor Shoot and tendril symptoms Brown to dark lesions on young shoots and tendrils Distorted [...] berries, often resulting in severe yield and quality losses. Infections during flowering and early berry development pose the greatest risk to crop performance