• Powdery mildew

  General Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that is caused by many different species of fungi such as Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium, Leveillula. Damage [...] feed on living plant cells and barely survive in the absence of a living crop. They survive as ascospores or perithecia, structures containing ascospores. [...] underside of the leaf. On the upper side, yellow spots are noticeable. In case of a severe epidemic, the fluffy colonies also appear on the upper side of the leaves

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  equipment and cultivation practices. However, this fungus is a poor competitor against a balanced microbial population in soil. How to prevent Brown root [...] General Pyrenochaeta lycopersici is a fungal plant pathogen, infecting tomatoes and aubergine. It causes brown root rot and corky root rot. Damage symptoms [...] become swollen and corky and gradually break off. The corky areas often occur as horizontal bands on the roots with lengthwise cracks. No discoloration is

• Aphids

  aphids are known as apterous, and winged adults as alate. Alate aphids have two pairs of wings, one of which is much larger than the other. For a large part [...] various types of damage to a crop: Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth [...] has a low protein content but is rich in sugars. Aphids therefore need to extract large quantities of sap in order to get sufficient protein. As a consequence

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  solanacearum is a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range [...] Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant [...] incidence with up to 250% Quarantine measures are in place, including a five-year ban on using a field for potato cropping after infection of potatoes from that

• Wheat bunt

  exact same symptoms. Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis cause diseases such as common wheat bunt, stinking smut, karnal bunt of wheat. Damage symptoms P [...] spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release [...] and appearance of Wheat bunt Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response

• Fusarium wilt

  General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] has many different formae speciales which are each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different formae speciales may [...] overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also

• Rice

  usually cultivated as an annual plant. In tropical climates however, it can be grown as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for as long as 30 years. The [...] rice). Rice is a serial grain and the most popular staple food for a large part of the world population, especially in Asia. Rice is a monocotyledon and

• Spider mites and other mites

  Broad mites cause a distinct type of damage known as "bronzing", which can be confused with damage caused by plant viruses. This appears as a bronze or red [...] by using hygienic measures such as removing weeds and other plants that may serve as a host for mites, and implementing a rigorous cleaning and disinfection [...] Russet mites are also known for causing bronzing on the leaves, as well as other symptoms such as leaf curling, wilting, and necrosis. Life cycle of mites The

• Phytophthora blight

  General Late blight (Phytophthora infestans f.sp. infestans) is also known as Phytophthora blight, tomato blight, early / late blight tomato, potato blight [...] and white fluffy fungal growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually circling [...] blueish lesions appear, that can be seen through the skin. The Great Famine was a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops

• Broad mite

  latus) are not a serious problem, as they are unable to overwinter. Mites belonging to the family of tarsonemids ( Tarsonemidae ) display a greater diversity [...] case of a mild infestation, one can often see brown, frequently collapsed spots, or brown stripes forming a fine network on the leaves. In case of a more [...] latus) has a wide range of host plants, especially peppers, but also aubergine, tomato and cucumber. Additionally, many ornamental crops such as azalea, begonia