Charcoal rot

stay green. The first symptoms are mostly found after plants are well established and after plants begin bearing fruit or are subjected to stress. Severely [...] infection. Optimum conditions for this fungus are temperatures above 32 °C and dry conditions. In field crops in temperate regions it is therefore not a problem [...] phaseolina is a common soil fungus in warmer regions, causing charcoal rot. It has a very wide range of host crops, many of which are economically important food

Bacterial spot

tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots on leaves which are first round and become more angular as they [...] black specks are seen on green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots [...] mildew infection, pepper plants shed the leaves that are severely infected. Humid conditions are conducive for lesion expansion. On the stems, long, narrow

Verticillium wilt

Verticillium species are non-specific plant pathogens. Many species are saprophytes, V erticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important [...] leaves. These leaves are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant [...] mostly intact. In rose, branches die off from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions are formed on the

Southern blight

was first observed in tomato crops in Florida in 1892, and it has been regularly reported as causing rotting to the root and stem in tomato plants. Significant [...] structure resulting in longevity of more than five years in the soil, in a dry environment. Both the sclerotia and the mycelium are a source of inoculum [...] surface of the stem. In favourable conditions, the sclerotia can germinate in two forms, hyphal or eruptive, causing infection in the plants. The sclerotia

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field symptoms of Ralstonia solanacearum are wilting and yellowing [...] slime produced from wounds, which is not seen in Clavibacter -infected plants. In tomato, the youngest leaves are affected first. They show signs of wilting [...] quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical

Wheat bunt

types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed [...] kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days [...] slightly stunted. Infected (bunted) heads are slender and remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets

Early blight

(RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria infection [...] and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and [...] General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

pods of peas. The spots on leaves and pods are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark [...] ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic competitiveness and because chlamydospores are rare. Primary infection

Root rot of carrot

n of this disease in the rather acidic soils (of southwestern Norway). Spore germination was inhibited in nonsterile soil but not in similar soil that [...] walls and aiding in early signal transduction in host-pathogen interactions. Presence of umbelliferous plants: Inoculum can survive in perennial (umbelliferous) [...] carrots are a major problem and can lead to significant postharvest losses Several different fungal pathogens cause similar symptoms, which are collectively

Black rot of carrots

(RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperatures occur between species, but in general, the risk of Alternaria infection [...] and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and [...] General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause