• Blight of pepper

  cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are formed from the overwintering structures which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with [...] of Blight of pepper Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They [...] hores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed that protrude through the stomata. Secondary infection is either by

• Fusarium wilt

  whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations [...] Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants [...] Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum has many different formae speciales which are each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one

• Early blight

  and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Early blight Remove crop residues [...] These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species may differ in specific symptoms. Damage symptoms [...] halo restricted by leaf veins. Lesions can easily rupture. Other symptoms are brown lesions on stem and foot. On fruits, dark sunken, leathery lesions occur

• Verticillium wilt

  Verticillium species are non-specific plant pathogens. Many species are saprophytes, V erticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important [...] cause wilting of plants. The wilting starts at the lower leaves. These leaves are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover [...] purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions are formed on the leaf, between the veins. 'Early dying' disease of potato only

• Wheat bunt

  slightly stunted. Infected (bunted) heads are slender and remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets [...] types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed [...] wheat. Damage symptoms Plantsinfected by Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis are hard to distinguish from infected plants before head emergence, although affected

• Dwarf bunt

  Tilletia controversa causes (bunted) heads that are slender and remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets [...] types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed [...] ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected after emergence; the two- to three-leaf stage plants are most susceptible. This disease occurs mostly

• Apple collar rot

  cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are formed from the overwintering structures, which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with [...] of Apple collar rot Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They [...] hores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed, that protrude through the stomata. Secondary infection is either by

• Parasitic wasps

  What are parasitic wasps? Parasitic wasps are small insects that play a crucial role in natural pest control. They are called "parasitic" because they [...] eventually killing it. These wasps are highly specialized, with different species targeting specific pests. They are effective in reducing the population [...] horticulture and agriculture. Unlike chemical pesticides, parasitic wasps are natural and do not harm beneficial insects, animals, or the environment. Benefits

• Black rot of carrots

  and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Black rot of carrots Remove [...] These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species may differ in specific symptoms. Life cycle [...] carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) is a seed-transferred carrot disease. The seeds are the main source of primary infection and this may lead to death of seedlings

• Black leg of seedlings

  subsequently zoospores are produced. Zoospores are spores with flagellae, which enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to [...] where the side roots are formed or through other similarly damaged spots. On the infected plant, new sporangia with zoospores are formed, that allow the [...] (>70%) water content of the soil or substrate. Oospores are dispersed when soil particles are moved around by humans or machinery. Pythium can survive