• Bacterial spot

  a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial [...] mildew infection, pepper plants shed the leaves that are severely infected. Humid conditions are conducive for lesion expansion. On the stems, long, narrow [...] clipping and handling and aerosols. Many isolates are resistant to copper-containing pesticides. How to prevent Bacterial spot Use clean propagation material

• Pollination checklist outdoor

  crop and the presence of other pollinating insects. Bumblebees and honeybees are able to complement each other's pollination work and can therefore be released [...] released into the same crops. Position a bumblebee hive at least 100 metres away from a honeybee hive, out of the sight of the honeybees. This is necessary because [...] restless. Protect the bumblebee hive against very high temperatures resulting from direct sunlight, particularly in warm periods. Provide the hive with sufficient

• Black leg of seedlings

  oospores germinate and form so-called sporangia from which subsequently zoospores are produced. Zoospores are spores with flagellae, which enable the spores [...] meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high [...] spores which are resistant to unfavourable conditions, especially dehydration. Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a s

• Black sigatoka disease

  produces both ascospores and conidia. The ascospores are wind-dispersed over longer distances, the conidia are splash-dispersed within the crop. Both types of [...] They enter the leaf through the stomata. After infection, hyphae emerge from the stomata and either develop into conidiophores with new conidia or grow [...] optimal conditions (humidity close to saturation and temperature above 20 °C). How to prevent Black sigatoka disease Use resistant cultivars Remove or burn infected

• Leaf stripe

  only source of primary infection. The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced on the infected leaves when humidity is high [...] temperatures below 12 °C are most conducive for this disease and infection does not occur at soil temperatures above 15 °C. How to prevent Leaf stripe Produce [...] first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend

• Loose smut of barley

  and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop [...] after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of barley Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply [...] primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds.

• Loose smut of wheat

  and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop [...] after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply [...] primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds.

• Fall Armyworm

  lifetime. Eggs are white, pinkish or light green and spherical, and are usually laid on the underside of the leaves. The larvae ( caterpillars ) are 30-40 mm [...] night, and are attracted to lights, especially those with a strong ultra-violet component. Damage symptoms The developing larvae eat different parts of the [...] Life cycle of the Fall Armyworm Adult moths are 20 to 25 mm long and have a wingspan of 32-38 mm. They are nocturnal and most active during the warm, humid

• Cotton aphid

  species can transmit more than 50 different viruses, including the cucumber mosaic virus. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance [...] cotton aphid can be distinguished from other aphids by the colour of the two cornicles (siphunculi). These cornicles are always black, whatever the body [...] 1.8 mm long) are usually dark green to black, while aphids produced in overcrowded colonies at a high temperature can be much smaller (from 0.9 mm), and

• Verticillium wilt

  Verticillium species are non-specific plant pathogens. Many species are saprophytes, V erticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important [...] In rose, branches die off from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions are formed on the leaf, between [...] resting mycelium or the microsclerotia are formed. The spread of the fungus by mycelium growth is limited. Dispersal from plant to plant takes place via water