• Early blight

  distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species may differ in specific symptoms. Damage symptoms Alternaria solani [...] temperatures from 2-4 °C up to 28-30 °C (optimum temperatures lie between 15 and 28 °C) and at a relative humidity (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. [...] and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Early blight Remove crop residues

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  (seed potatoes, cuttings of ornamentals ) from warmer regions. Different races are distinguished with a differing, but overlapping host-range. Race 3 is pretty [...] xylem vessels. In potato, it is tuber-borne. Spread from plant to plant results from bacteria moving from the roots of infected plants to neighbouring plants [...] solanacearum are wilting and yellowing of leaves and stunted plants. Inside, vascular browning is common with bacterial slime oozing from the cut. When

• Fusarium wilt

  oxysporum has many different formae speciales which are each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different formae speciales [...] soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and [...] whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations

• Black rot of carrots

  distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species may differ in specific symptoms. Life cycle and appearance of Black [...] erred carrot disease. The seeds are the main source of primary infection and this may lead to death of seedlings. From the primary infection of leaves [...] temperatures from 2-4 °C up to 28-30 °C (optimum temperatures lie between 15 and 28 °C) and at a relative humidity (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet.

• Parasitic wasps

  What are parasitic wasps? Parasitic wasps are small insects that play a crucial role in natural pest control. They are called "parasitic" because they [...] eventually killing it. These wasps are highly specialized, with different species targeting specific pests. They are effective in reducing the population [...] horticulture and agriculture. Unlike chemical pesticides, parasitic wasps are natural and do not harm beneficial insects, animals, or the environment. Benefits

• Fusarium spp.

  oxysporum has many different ‘formae speciales’ which are each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different 'formae speciales' [...] soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and [...] whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels, which can be seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations

• Pollination checklist tomato

  Bumblebees are ideal for the pollination of tomato crops. Koppert's Pollination Checklist indicates how the best pollination results can be achieved. Download [...] three days. To check on pollination, collect about 20 closed flowers from different spots. All the closed flowers must have bite marks. The closed flowers [...] flowers provide a precise picture of the situation. Flowers that are open for longer than one day have between one and five bite marks Check the work of the

• Blight of pepper

  cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are formed from the overwintering structures which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with [...] of Blight of pepper Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They [...] water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote g

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  species cause different symptoms, like galls, tumours and excessive root growth. All four species cause the growth of galls on the stems, which are first white [...] possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection also takes place via wounds. After infection, galls are formed which break open, releasing [...] releasing many bacteria. These are dispersed by rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  pathogen in plants that are infected by other pathogens. The bacteria that causes black leg in potato is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial [...] normal colour. On the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at [...] densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop that way. Erwinia carotovora subsp