Apple collar rot

optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] occur. Above the graft and on leaves, dark brown, irregular lesions occur. In strawberry, the heart leaves wilt first, then the whole plant. Life cycle [...] Secondary infection is either by germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is

Black sigatoka disease

parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and turn brown with light grey centres. These spots enlarge further and [...] and dies. Lesions merge and the whole leaf turns brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the [...] least stack them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic competitiveness [...] water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Grow peas in arid regions Use clean seed Use a minimum crop rotation of four years with

Phytophthora blight

optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] Secondary infection is either by germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is [...] causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily move through water

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are produced. However, in downy mildews, sporangia often germinate directly and [...] density, good aeration during propagation and maintaining a warm and dry climate in greenhouses. Use hygiene measures. Start clean, remove crop residues and prevent

Leaf stripe

at soil temperatures above 15 °C. How to prevent Leaf stripe Produce seed in semi-arid environments without irrigation, to decrease the chances of infection [...] or at least test the seed before use Use resistant cultivars Delay sowing in spring barley until soil temperature is higher than 12-15 o C Prevent plant

Loose smut of barley

during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates

Loose smut of wheat

during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates

Pomegranate bacterial blight

spots which turns to dark black colour oily appearance on leaves results in premature defoliation. The pathogen also infects branches and stem as water

Melon thrips

Eggs are deposited in leaf tissue in a slit cut by female. Eggs are colourless to pale white in colour. The nymphs resemble the adults in general body form [...] soil and pupate in soil. There are two pupal stages viz., prepupae and pupae. Adults are pale yellow or white in colour and 0.8 to 1mm in length, with females [...] flowers. In addition to direct damage, it also transmits virus from infected to healthy plants. Life cycle and appearance The reproduction in Thrips palmi