• Biological seed treatment

  algae extracts. Biological substances are applied to the seed in a powder form or as a liquid. An even layer covers the whole seed. In this way, the beneficial

• Beetles

  is the largest of all insect orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored

• Red palm weevil

  solid elongated cocoon made of rolled-up palm fibres. After the cocoon is formed the larva enters a pre-pupal stage, its body contracts and it does not crawl

• Woolly apple aphid

  woolly aphid depends entirely on wingless, parthenogenetic and viviparous forms. Sometimes a few wingless egg-laying females are produced in autumn but their

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  flowering and early berry development. As the season concludes, the fungus forms chasmothecia to ensure its survival through the winter. Given the polycyclic

• Powdery mildew

  plant surface. On the mycelium on the plant surface, new conidiophores are formed, structures which contain new spores, the conidia. These conidiophores are

• Thrips

  thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ) is the most damaging species. Thrips form the order Thysanoptera, a name that literally means ‘fringed wings’, and

• Whitefly

  scale insects, they belong to the division Sternorrhyncha. The whiteflies form the family Aleyrodidae. The most common species are the greenhouse whitefly

• Tomato leafminer

  leaving the epidermis intact. Fruits can be attacked as soon as they are formed but the larvae only feed on green fruits. In case of serious infection,

• Grape downy mildew

  through stomata. Once inside the host tissue, hyphae extend intercellularly, forming haustoria to parasitize mesophyll cells. The latent period (the time from