Charcoal rot

density of the microsclerotia in the soil is directly related to disease incidence. Within 24 hours the fungus infects the roots of the host by direct penetration [...] (outer tissue layer) to orange-brown to dark brown. Cutting the roots may show the same discolouration of the internal tissues of the main roots. In most [...] germ tubes. During the next two days, necrotic spots occur on the roots and the fungus spreads into the cortex and vascular tissue. In the infected host tissues

Loose smut of wheat

survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It [...] until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut [...] Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

disease seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid [...] crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but [...] Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside the irrigation system Prevent contact between the plant roots and the gutters in

Fusarium wilt

inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. [...] Fusarium oxysporum is the species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species

Apple collar rot

flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates [...] leaf wetness is required. Dispersal by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens [...] and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores)

Cottony soft rot

sclerotia. The fungus also infects seeds and tubers, thereby creating a source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial [...] as cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( [...] mycelium infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by

Wheat bunt

sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt [...] harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease

Black rot of carrots

radicina ) is a seed-transferred carrot disease. The seeds are the main source of primary infection and this may lead to death of seedlings. From the primary [...] Post-harvest storage at 0-1 o C. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola : adjust the sowing date to avoid conditions conducive to infection. In greenhouses: avoid [...] General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause

Fusarium head blight or scab

of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected foot, conidia [...] spread the disease. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species

Loose smut of barley

survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It [...] until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut [...] smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives