Powdery mildew

underside of the leaf. On the upper side, yellow spots are noticeable. In case of a severe epidemic, the fluffy colonies also appear on the upper side of the [...] and takes up nutrients from the epidermal layer of plant cells. Most of the fungus remains on the outside of the plant surface. On the mycelium on the plant [...] side of the leaf. In severe epidemics in cereals, the ears may also be infected. In pepper, the fluffy colonies occur mostly on the underside of the leaf

Pomegranate wilt complex

followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish brown to black colouration of wood below bark and vascular [...] Management Mix Veni GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of solution per tree to the root zone by making the ring around [...] Mix 10gm Vici Routz SP in 10 liter of water and drench to the root zone per tree 12 days after final drenching of Veni GoKlean.

Apple scab

research that has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on release of ascospores and risk of infection, a decision support systems has been [...] noticed before harvest. Life cycle and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves [...] infect the plant by direct penetration of the cuticula and then grow between the cuticula and the epidermis of the plant cells. This causes lesions, on

Fusarium wilt

General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are [...] yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be [...] appearance of Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum has many different formae speciales which are each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even

Black sigatoka disease

brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the lack of leaf tissues, fruit maturity is hampered [...] leaf-spot of banana. Damage symptoms Black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis ) first causes small, light yellow spots or streaks on leaves of about one [...] adjacent stomata. Both types of spores can germinate within two or three hours under humid conditions, but infection takes a minimum of two or three days under

Early blight

leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread [...] infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, up to eight years for several Alternaria spp. Typically, Alternaria causes early blight of potato [...] humidity (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria

Grapevine powdery mildew

symptoms of Grapevine powdery mildew Symptoms of grapevine powdery mildew vary according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection [...] upper leaf surface Development of white to grey, powdery fungal growth Powdery coating may also appear on the underside of leaves Leaf curling, distortion [...] berry expansion and abnormal development Cracking of berry skin as fruit enlarges Increased risk of secondary infections such as Botrytis Reduced grape

Verticillium wilt

causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato. Damage symptoms Verticillium species mostly cause wilting of plants. The wilting starts at the lower [...] The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk horizontally reveals a slight discolouration of the vessels, brown or greenish, but [...] fungus infects the roots of plants, directly or through wounds caused by for example nematodes. The fungus then grows into the vessels of the plant and produces

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field symptoms of Ralstonia solanacearum are wilting and yellowing of leaves and stunted [...] leaves are affected first. They show signs of wilting during the day which may disappear in the early stages of infection. Under conditions favourable for [...] l regions and is transferred by the introduction of propagation materials (seed potatoes, cuttings of ornamentals ) from warmer regions. Different races

Damping-off

and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection [...] infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes [...] conditions, especially dehydration. Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate