• Loose smut of barley

  January 1, 1970

  survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It [...] smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown

• Black sigatoka disease

  January 1, 1970

  conidia. The ascospores are wind-dispersed over longer distances, the conidia are splash-dispersed within the crop. Both types of spores cause the exact same [...] them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity [...] or streaks on leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and turn

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  January 1, 1970

  early berry development. As the season concludes, the fungus forms chasmothecia to ensure its survival through the winter. Given the polycyclic nature, preventive [...] Symptoms of grapevine powdery mildew vary according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection. Early signs manifest as chlorotic (pale [...] growth and poor fruit set. During berry development, the pathogen colonizes the epidermis, causing the skin to lose elasticity. This frequently leads to berry

• Verticillium wilt

  January 1, 1970

  new hosts. In the senescent tissue, the resting mycelium or the microsclerotia are formed. The spread of the fungus by mycelium growth is limited. Dispersal [...] vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed [...] cause wilting of plants. The wilting starts at the lower leaves. These leaves are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover

• Cercospora leaf spot

  January 1, 1970

  humidity favours the spread of the disease and severity. The fungus has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time [...] dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry up results in shot-hole appearance to the leaves. Severely infected [...] depending on the plant type infected. Infected seeds, infected plants and plant debris are primary source of infection. Secondary spread is through air

• Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

  January 1, 1970

  species such as the citrus mealybug and the long-tailed mealybug. The predatory beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is used for the control of the following pests: [...] control The predatory beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is a species of beetle belonging to the family Coccinellidae. The beneficial insect is a small but [...] However, this beetle is most effective in controlling large populations of mealybugs. Once the supply of mealybugs becomes inadequate, the ladybirds fly off

• Pomegranate bacterial blight

  January 1, 1970

  Disease cycle Infected cuttings are the main source of inoculum and wind splashed rains plays important role is spread of the disease. Intermittent rainfall [...] followed by cloudy weather favours the disease development and further spread. Management Spray Veni GoKlean at the rate of 1.25 to 1.5 ml per litre of [...] black colour oily appearance on leaves results in premature defoliation. The pathogen also infects branches and stem as water soaked necrotic spots causing

• Orange

  January 1, 1970

  About The orange and in particular the sweet orange is the fruit that derives from the citrus species Citrus X sinensis that belongs to the family of Rutaceae [...] various kinds of oranges, the fruit of the Citrus X sinensis is regarded as a sweet orange, while the fruit of the Citrus X aurantium is recognized as a bitter [...] mandarin. The hybrid however is not a basic backcrossed BC1 hybrid, but the orange is actually hybridized over multiple generations. When it comes to the fruit

• Eggplant

  January 1, 1970

  Africa and Southeast Asia it is known as brinjal. The eggplant is a member of the genus Solanum and is thus related to the tomato and potato. Botanically [...] Solanum melongena ) is a specific species of nightshade and is widely produced for its tasty fruit. In North America and Australia the fruit is called eggplant [...] Botanically speaking however, the eggplant is classified as a berry. The fruit contains many small and soft seeds. These seeds taste rather bitter, because they

• Peanut

  January 1, 1970

  walnuts. Groundnut is legume crop with root nodules fixes atmospheric nitrogen and improves the soil fertility. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics [...] subtropics. It is classified as both oil crop due to high oil content and grain legume. Groundnut is majorly grown as rainfed crop. The plant is short-statured [...] ured and self-pollinated crop. The pegs are positively geotropic which enter the soil, later swells to become the pods.