Pierce's disease of grapevine

bacteria, gum and tyloses block the vessels, causing the plants to wilt. Transport to different plant parts depends on the plant species: in peach, bacteria [...] cultivated crops. The spread from one host plant species to another is still under investigation and seems to depend on the location of the bacteria in the infected [...] down the spread both within this crop as well as from this crop to other crops. How to prevent Pierce's disease of grapevine Control vectors by using netting

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later the fruit [...] is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Prevent high humidity Use sanitation to prevent spread within the crop [...] been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop that way. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium

Black sigatoka disease

three days under optimal conditions (humidity close to saturation and temperature above 20 °C). How to prevent Black sigatoka disease Use resistant cultivars [...] spots or streaks on leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and [...] discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity as much as possible by preventing

Powdery mildew

and makes it harder for the fungi to enter the leaves To reduce chances of powdery mildew in greenhouses, it is advised to first ventilate by only opening [...] appear on the upper side of the leaves. Many sweet pepper cultivars react to powdery mildew infection by dropping leaves that are not infected yet. It [...] other Rosaceae , the fungus causing powdery mildew is extremely sensitive to water and ‘hides’ on the underside of the leaves. Therefore, this is where

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside the irrigation [...] Additionally, pathogenic Agrobacterium s pecies have recently been assigned to the genus Rhizobium . These pathogenic bacteria were formerly known as Ag [...] rhizogenes and Agrobacterium rubi, n ow the first part of the name is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter causes crazy roots

Apple collar rot

are spores with flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also [...] wetness is required. Dispersal by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water [...] Apple collar rot Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They thrive at

Grapevine powdery mildew

mildew vary according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection. Early signs manifest as chlorotic (pale green to yellow) spots, which [...] the pathogen colonizes the epidermis, causing the skin to lose elasticity. This frequently leads to berry cracking, which severely compromises fruit quality [...] Botrytis bunch rot. Leaf symptoms Pale green to yellowish spots on the upper leaf surface Development of white to grey, powdery fungal growth Powdery coating

Grape downy mildew

forming haustoria to parasitize mesophyll cells. The latent period (the time from infection to visible symptoms) ranges from 4 to 21 days, depending on [...] Leaf symptoms Yellowish to light-green oil spots on the upper leaf surface, often angular and limited by leaf veins White to greyish downy growth on the [...] symptoms Brown to dark lesions on young shoots and tendrils Distorted or stunted shoot growth Increased susceptibility of infected tissue to secondary infections

Cercospora leaf spot

greyish brown, circular with small to large grey centres and dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry [...] has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time. Management Spray Veni GoKlean at the rate 1.25 to 1.5 ml per litre [...] dry up results in shot-hole appearance to the leaves. Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely results in reduced yield. Stem, petiole and pods are

Pomegranate wilt complex

Management Mix Veni GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of solution per tree to the root zone by making the ring around [...] leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish brown to black colouration of wood below bark and vascular discoloured bands in the [...] at weekly intervals. Mix 10gm Vici Routz SP in 10 liter of water and drench to the root zone per tree 12 days after final drenching of Veni GoKlean.