Black sigatoka disease

three days under optimal conditions (humidity close to saturation and temperature above 20 °C). How to prevent Black sigatoka disease Use resistant cultivars [...] spots or streaks on leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and [...] discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity as much as possible by preventing

Powdery mildew

and makes it harder for the fungi to enter the leaves To reduce chances of powdery mildew in greenhouses, it is advised to first ventilate by only opening [...] appear on the upper side of the leaves. Many sweet pepper cultivars react to powdery mildew infection by dropping leaves that are not infected yet. It [...] other Rosaceae , the fungus causing powdery mildew is extremely sensitive to water and ‘hides’ on the underside of the leaves. Therefore, this is where

Fusarium spp.

brown discolouration occurs. Infected glumes and kernels become white, due to dehydration, and later turn pinkish-red as spores are formed. Ear infection [...] of which DON (deoxynivalenol) is the best-known. The mycotoxins are toxic to mammals so maximum levels have been determined. Fusarium sambucinum (a.k.a [...] upwards. At the same time, the plant produces gum as a defence mechanism to stop the fungus from spreading. This gum blocks the xylem and causes the wilting

Cottony soft rot

source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial growth. How to prevent Cottony soft rot Practice dry cultivation/be [...] occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection often leads to premature wilting and death of plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony

Gummy stem blight

How to prevent Gummy stem blight Before cropping: Remove all crop debris and disinfect the greenhouse Choose a cultivar that is less susceptible to internal [...] Calcium nutrition hardens the cell walls and makes it harder for the fungi to enter the leaves Pick flowers within two days after opening in areas suspected

Loose smut of barley

survival structure. Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f. [...] smut spores. Solution Finder Find solutions for your crop Damage symptoms How to prevent Loose smut of barley Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment

Loose smut of wheat

survival structure. Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f.sp [...] smut spores. Solution Finder Find solutions for your crop Damage symptoms How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment

Fusarium wilt

plantations may die and the soil may not be suitable for planting for many years to come. Life cycle and appearance of Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum has many [...] Some also produce ascospores. The Fusarium oxysporum life cycle, is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the [...] wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent Fusarium wilt Remove or destroy crop residues Choose resistant cultivars

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The [...] at temperatures below 20 °C and the spores require water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Grow peas in arid regions Use clean

Fusarium head blight or scab

primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by splashing rain drops or wind. On the infected ears, the typical [...] °C) and humid (RH above 85%) conditions increase chances of infection. How to prevent Fusarium head blight or scab Remove or destroy crop residues Choose