Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying [...] also be found as secondary pathogen in plants that are infected by other pathogens. The bacteria that causes black leg in potato is a different subspecies [...] normal colour. On the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at

Bacterial canker of tomato

the plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops, for example through splashes of rain or irrigation. Both in greenhouses and in the field, spraying [...] white with a brown centre. In potato, the disease usually only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves [...] General Clavibacter is a quarantine organism in Europe, which means that strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional

Tea

cultivated in the hills of North-eastern and Southern states. Tea is native of China. Tea bush is sub-tropical and tropical plant grows well in hot and humid [...] Tea is a dried leaf of a bush and contains theine. Tea beverage produced in freshly boiled water having leaves and leaf buds of the tea plant.

Grape mealy bug

bunches are not suitable for making raisins. Life cycle and appearance Mealy bugs are found in crevices of stem, on leaves and berries. Mealy bugs are pinkish [...] Female lays 300-500 eggs in loose cottony ovisac and eggs are orange in colour. First instar nymphs also called as crawlers are mobile, start sucking the [...] sap and form colonies and are orange in colour. Female mealy bugs are abundantly found causing damage to the crop while males are very rare. Females reproduce

Grape downy mildew

primarily as oospores in fallen leaf litter, though in milder climates it can also persist as mycelium within infected buds and canes. In spring, oospore g [...] 10°C in the presence of soil moisture, leading to the formation of macrosporangia that release motile zoospores within 24 hours. These zoospores are dispersed [...] mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola , is one of the most important diseases in wine and table grape production worldwide. The disease spreads rapidly under

Loose smut of barley

Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. [...] clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply heat treatment, but viability and germination rate should

Loose smut of wheat

Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. [...] clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply heat treatment, but viability and germination rate should

Black root rot of cucurbits

away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may [...] spots with a dark demarcation line on cucumber roots. The lesions are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots [...] may kill the plants. In case of a less severe infection, the vines may wilt at a late stage of the crop, but when water supply is in any way limited during

Melon thrips

eggs. Eggs are deposited in leaf tissue in a slit cut by female. Eggs are colourless to pale white in colour. The nymphs resemble the adults in general body [...] soil and pupate in soil. There are two pupal stages viz., prepupae and pupae. Adults are pale yellow or white in colour and 0.8 to 1mm in length, with females [...] flowers. In addition to direct damage, it also transmits virus from infected to healthy plants. Life cycle and appearance The reproduction in Thrips palmi

Click beetles

in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae (‘wireworms’) are long, thin, [...] severe in young plants. Life cycle and appearance of Click beetles Adult Agriotis sp. are 6-10 mm long and yellowish brown to black. The eggs are laid in [...] fully grown the larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults appear about 4 weeks after pupation, but usually remain in the soil until the following