• Beet armyworm

  body on either side, above which there is a black dot on each segment. The young caterpillars live in groups and spin loose webs over the leaves, under [...] insecticides, and its ability to develop on wild vegetation during the summer. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants of more than 20 families. It is [...] a major pest of sweet pepper. Damage symptoms Older caterpillars migrate to the top of the plant where they feed mainly on the growing tips. They produce

• Fusarium spp.

  is the species that causes vascular wilt. Initially, the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other [...] disease may manifest as wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves. Life cycle and appearance of Fusarium spp. Fusarium is a group [...] the soil, and on crop residues of infected plants, as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse

• Root rot of carrot

  olive-green mycelium can develop on the surface. Initially, the disease forms circular to irregular spots on the leaves that vary in colour from grey to [...] General Black spots on cold-stored carrots are a major problem and can lead to significant postharvest losses Several different fungal pathogens cause [...] known as black spot diseases. When carrots are stored during winter, diseases on the carrot roots can continue to develop during storage. Alternaria radicina

• Leafhoppers

  leafhoppers Leafhoppers are highly mobile, sap-sucking pests that feed on plant leaves, causing discoloration, stippling and leaf curling. Their feeding reduces

• Southern blight

  5% of annual production. Symptoms and damage Symptoms begin with brown, aqueous lesions on the stem. As the damage progresses, it causes darkening and rotting [...] part, necrosis, loss of leaves, and death of the plant. Symptoms begin with brown, aqueous lesions on the stem. As the damage progresses, it causes darkening [...] observed on the plant’s stem, which may also develop on the adjacent soil. Spherical sclerotia, which are initially white and then darken, also form on this

• Flies

  crops. Fly damage Flies can cause damage to crops both directly and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the [...] Frass deposited on leaves or flowers in ornamental crops, lettuce, and herbs also causes cosmetic damage, and sometimes this can occur on such a scale that [...] can cause damage in potted orchids. The Spotted Wing Drosophila has recently invaded Europe and the Americas where it is causing serious damage to many soft

• Cottony soft rot

  naked eye and look like rat droppings. The symptoms may occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection often leads to premature wilting [...] is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [...] base. The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium

• Fusarium wilt

  oxysporum is the species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other [...] the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse [...] instead of ammonium Prevent damage during harvest and during post-harvest storage and enhance wound healing after harvest, depending on the crop Prevent plant

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  lesions. On older roots, the outer layers become swollen and corky and gradually break off. The corky areas often occur as horizontal bands on the roots [...] infecting tomatoes and aubergine. It causes brown root rot and corky root rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized [...] or field. The affected plants may wilt. Also, interveinal chlorosis of leaves and premature defoliation may occur. Looking at the roots, there are three

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse [...] primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by splashing rain drops or wind. On the infected ears, the typical [...] instead of ammonium Prevent damage during harvest and during post-harvest storage and enhance wound healing after harvest, depending on the crop Prevent plant