• Apple collar rot

  sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil [...] content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Apple collar rot Apply hygiene measures, like cleaning machinery [...] the whole plant. Life cycle and appearance of Apple collar rot Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore

• Charcoal rot

  conditions. In field crops in temperate regions it is therefore not a problem. How to prevent Charcoal rot Plant in fields with no history of the disease [...] General Macrophomina phaseolina is a common soil fungus in warmer regions, causing charcoal rot. It has a very wide range of host crops, many of which [...] discolouration of vascular and cortex tissue (outer tissue layer) to orange-brown to dark brown. Cutting the roots may show the same discolouration of

• Dwarf bunt

  turn become a source of disease in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. [...] General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as [...] the whole kernel becomes a bunt ball full of teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally

• Wheat bunt

  e of around 6 to 7 °C during that period. Soil moisture between field capacity and permanent wilting point is best for infection. How to prevent Wheat [...] the whole kernel becomes a bunt ball full of teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, [...] healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first

• Black sigatoka disease

  infection takes a minimum of two or three days under optimal conditions (humidity close to saturation and temperature above 20 °C). How to prevent Black [...] of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and turn brown with light [...] infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the lack of leaf tissues, fruit maturity is hampered. Life cycle and appearance of Black sigatoka

• Early blight

  Post-harvest storage at 0-1 o C. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola : adjust the sowing date to avoid conditions conducive to infection. In greenhouses: avoid [...] solani causes small green to dark brown spots to occur on leaves. Those spots then turn into dark brown angular lesions with a yellow halo restricted by [...] (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Sporulation of Alternaria occurs at temperatures from 2-4 °C up to 28-30 °C (optimum temperatures

• Flies

  organic matter. Although they cause little direct damage to plants, they are often a problem due to their large number. Larvae of flies of the family Keroplatidae [...] invasion routes for various pathogenic fungi, for instance Fusarium sp. And Botrytis sp. Adults can also spread pathogens from diseased to healthy plants [...] occur on such a scale that growth, particularly of young cuttings, can be retarded. Fly control videos Take a look at the video or go to our Youtube channel

• Blight of pepper

  sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil [...] content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Blight of pepper Apply hygiene measures, like cleaning machinery [...] leaves drop off. Life cycle and appearance of Blight of pepper Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore

• Black rot of carrots

  Post-harvest storage at 0-1 o C. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola : adjust the sowing date to avoid conditions conducive to infection. In greenhouses: avoid [...] radicina ) up to 8 years. Damage symptoms Black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) causes death of seedlings and dark brown lesions with a yellow halo [...] differ in specific symptoms. Life cycle and appearance of Black rot of carrots Black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) is a seed-transferred carrot disease

• Cottony cushion scale

  considered to have originated in Australia. It was accidentally introduced to California in about 1868 and devastated the citrus industry there until a natural [...] temperate regions, but is not generally a pest in these situations. Damage symptoms Cottony cushion scale is a particular pest of citrus, Acacia spp . [...] reducing photosynthesis. Also due to the honeydew, cottony cushion scale infestations are often attended by ants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony cushion