Pink Bollworm

Bollworm General The pink bollworm is important pest in cotton cultivation. The pink bollworm is native to South Asian countries and has spread to all cotton [...] growing regions of the world. Life cycle and appearance Pink bollworm lays eggs all over the cotton plant, preferably on or near the buds and flowers. Each [...] of buds due to infestation of flower buds. Formation of rosette flower owing to flower infestation. Entry hole is plugged with excreta of the insect which

Brown root rot, corky root rot

rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized areas of the greenhouse or field. The affected plants may wilt [...] gradually break off. The corky areas often occur as horizontal bands on the roots with lengthwise cracks. No discoloration is present in the xylem tissues which [...] survives in the soil and in buried tomato roots as microsclerotia. The microsclerotia germinate and produce mycelium that in turn infect the roots of tomato

Tobacco aphid

on the abdomen and several transverse black bands across the body. The antennae are 0.7-1.0 times the body length, reaching to the siphunculi. The body [...] of dispersing through the crop by walking. The tobacco aphid tends to form denser colonies, closer to the top of the plant, than the peach potato aphid [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation

Click beetles

symptoms The click beetles feed on the roots and bore into the base of plants. This can cause the plants to wilt and die. Damage is more severe in young [...] laid in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae (‘wireworms’) are long, thin [...] larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults appear about 4 weeks after pupation, but usually remain in the soil until the following spring. Damage symptoms

Spotted Wing Drosophila

extend from the fruit but are difficult to see. Larval feeding in the fruit leads to fruit tissue collapse. Even if the fruits have not collapsed, the occurrence [...] strong saw-like ovipositor that is used to penetrate the skin of the host fruit and for laying the egg into the fruit. Eggs are white, 0.6 long and 0.2 [...] The larvae pupate either fully or partly in the fruit, or outside the fruit on the ground. Damage symptoms After oviposition, the respiration tubes extend

Oleander aphid

are clones of the adult female. The nymphs feed in colonies on the shoots at the top of the plant. Nymphs progress through five nymphal instars. Normally [...] plants. Damage symptoms The colonies of bright yellow aphids can easily be seen on the shoots of the host plants. The damage caused by the aphid colonies is [...] sp.). The oleander aphid is cosmopolitan, and can be found in tropical to warm temperate regions throughout the world. It probably originated in the Med

American serpentine leaf miner

falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate. A small percentage of the larvae remain hanging on the [...] hard to distinguish from feeding spots. The larvae of Liriomyza trifolii are entirely ochre-yellow. When the larva hatches from the egg, it begins to eat [...] eat into the leaf at once, tunnelling down into the mesophyll tissue where damage is caused by extensive mines, leaving the outer layers of the leaf intact

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The conidia germinate and infect through the stomata or directly through the cuticle [...] are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection [...] below 20 °C and the spores require water for dispersal. Damage symptoms Ascochyta pisi causes spots on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The spots on leaves

Tomato leaf miner

roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate. A small [...] percentage of the larvae remain hanging on the leaf and pupate there, sometimes on the upper surface but more commonly on the underside. The late third instar [...] hatches from the egg, it begins to eat into the leaf at once, tunnelling down into the mesophyll tissue where damage is caused by extensive mines, leaving

Broad mite

lay their eggs mainly on the underside of the leaf or on the fruit surface. The elongated, oval eggs are firmly attached to the surface and are rather large [...] possess four pairs. The last pair of legs in both males and females is different to the others and not used for walking. After moulting to the third larval stage [...] similar to the damage caused by viruses. The typical pattern of damage consists of malformation and distortion of the above-ground growth of the plant.