Southern blight

development of the fungus. In the anamorphic form it does not produce spores or fruiting bodies; it only forms hyphae. In addition, germination is induced [...] can survive saprophytically in agricultural debris in the form of mycelium, which then forms the sclerotia. [...] soil. Spherical sclerotia, which are initially white and then darken, also form on this vigorous mycelium. The fungus may reduce the stand of the plants

Grape downy mildew

soils are wet, forming macrosporangia that release zoospores within 24 hours. The zoospores are dispersed by rain, encyst near stomata, and form germ tubes [...] n halo. On older leaves: small, angular, yellow to reddish-brown spots forming a mosaic-like pattern. Sporulation occurs on the lower leaf surface, appearing [...] penetrate through stomata. Inside the plant, hyphae spread intercellularly, forming haustoria that parasitize mesophyll cells. Symptoms appear 4-21 days after

Wheat bunt

the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed. These can germinate directly or form secondary sporidia. These sporidia infect the wheat seedlings [...] soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores, also called primary sporidium. Two mating types are distinguished [...] How to prevent Wheat bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected seed The use

Dwarf bunt

the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed. These can germinate directly or form secondary sporidia. These sporidia infect the wheat seedlings [...] cal point of view. The teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores, also called primary sporidium. Two mating types are distinguished [...] How to prevent Dwarf bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected seed The use

Apple scab

cycle and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs [...] twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores. Depending on the temperature, these ascospores mature and are s [...] causes lesions, on which conidiophores, structures which carry conidia, are formed which extend through the cuticula. The asexual conidia are released and

Black leg of seedlings

the side roots are formed or through other similarly damaged spots. On the infected plant, new sporangia with zoospores are formed, that allow the disease [...] exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate and form so-called sporangia from which subsequently zoospores are produced. Zoospores

Damping-off

the side roots are formed or through other similarly damaged spots. On the infected plant, new sporangia with zoospores are formed, that allow the disease [...] exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate and form so-called sporangia from which subsequently zoospores are produced. Zoospores

Tobacco aphid

quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( [...] capable of dispersing through the crop by walking. The tobacco aphid tends to form denser colonies, closer to the top of the plant, than the peach potato aphid [...] Tobacco aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. When reproduction is asexual, the

Cottony soft rot

disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big, dark sclerotia are formed. They can easily be seen with the naked eye and look like rat droppings [...] content over a prolonged period of time. The sclerotia germinate directly and form mycelium or produce apothecia (fruiting bodies) containing ascospores. The

Potato aphid

quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( [...] Potato aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. When reproduction is asexual, the [...] red (especially in tomato), depending on the food source. Even the winged forms can be red. Wingless potato aphids are 1.7 - 3.6 mm long, elongated, with