• Fusarium head blight or scab

  mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place [...] increase chances of infection. How to prevent Fusarium head blight or scab Remove or destroy crop residues Choose resistant cultivars Use clean propagation [...] treated effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent stress

• Black leg of seedlings

  are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature [...] zoospores disperse via water. Therefore, this disease spreads most rapidly in wet conditions with a high (>70%) water content of the soil or substrate. Oospores [...] greenhouses: Prevent high temperatures immediately after planting. Avoid cold and excessive warm irrigation water. Keep the water content of the substrate

• Damping-off

  are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature [...] zoospores disperse via water. Therefore, this disease spreads most rapidly in wet conditions with a high water content ( > 70%) of the soil or substrate. Oospores [...] greenhouses: Prevent high temperatures immediately after planting. Avoid cold and excessive warm irrigation water. Keep the water content of the substrate

• Root and crown rot of strawberry

  from underfertilization to water stress (either too much or too little water), or that are damaged by for example handling or pests. Optimum temperature [...] e for Pestalotiopsis clavispora is 19-23 °C and high humidity or free water stimulates disease development. How to prevent Root and crown rot of strawberry [...] rose diseases. Damage symptoms Pestalotiopsis clavispora causes discoloration or brown necrotic areas in crown and root of strawberry. Plant development is

• Blight of pepper

  soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily move through water. This explains why the disease spreads more rapidly when the water content of the [...] susceptible or resistant cultivars when available Prevent over-irrigating and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the [...] and 23 °C and higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different

• Phytophthora blight

  soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily move through water. This explains why the disease spreads more rapidly when the water content of the [...] susceptible or resistant cultivars when available Prevent over-irrigating and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the [...] tubers, leaves and fruits. Late blight or Phytophthora blight (Phytophtora infestans f.sp. infestans ) causes water-soaked lesions with vague borders and

• Apple collar rot

  soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily move through water. This explains why the disease spreads more rapidly when the water content of the [...] susceptible or resistant cultivars when available Prevent over-irrigating and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the [...] and 23 °C and higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  slimy. Above or below the hollow stem the vascular tissue keeps its normal colour. On the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light [...] stem through the xylem vessels. High humidity is required for disease development. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora can also [...] stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora causes bacterial stem rot as well as soft rot. Stem

• Gummy stem blight

  asexual conida simultaneously. The spores germinate when free water is present on the plant, at high relative humidity (RH) and on wounds. Leaves can be infected [...] fruits. The symptoms on stems, leaves and inside the fruits may occur together or individually. Life cycle and appearance of Gummy stem blight Mycosphaerella [...] infected directly, through wounds, hydathodes (the end of leaf veins) or the hair bases. Stems are infected through wounds and by the infected leaves through

• Angular leaf spot

  nights, in combination with high humidity or presence of water. These conditions occur mostly in the spring if it rains or when sprinkler irrigation is [...] a secondary source of infection. They are dispersed by rain, irrigation water or handling of the plants. Infection of the plants happens both passively [...] strawberry. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas fragariae initially causes small, water-soaked lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular spots