• Fall Armyworm

  January 1, 1970

  parts of the host plant, depending on the crop, the stage of crop development, and the age of the larvae. On maize, young larvae usually feed on leaves [...] a distinct white inverted Y-shaped mark on the front of the head and four large spots on the upper surface of the last segment. Pupae are reddish brown [...] fall armyworm is a polyphagous pest that is indigenous throughout the Americas. Recently, it has been found in Africa too. The caterpillars of fall armyworms

• Grape downy mildew

  January 1, 1970

  greatest risk to crop performance. Early symptom detection, a clear understanding of the disease cycle, and vigilant monitoring of high-risk weather conditions [...] preventive management of grape downy mildew. Life cycle of Grape downy mildew Plasmopara viticola is an obligate biotrophic pathogen of grapevines, characterized [...] pressure. While all green tissues of the grapevine are susceptible, characteristic ‘oil spots’ on the upper surface of young, actively growing leaves, followed

• Don Sanchez Fresh innovates with biological control in avocados

  January 1, 1970

  Sánchez Fresh, says: "One of the reasons why we are getting into biological control is because a law is coming that will limit the use of many molecules and [...] Don Sánchez Fresh is a producer of avocado, berries and other agricultural crops. Their successful experience with biological control of pests and diseases [...] Oscar Alvarez, orchard manager of Don Sanchez Fresh, it is important to be patient and develop knowledge about the behavior of beneficial insects and their

• Crop Protection

  January 1, 1970

  protection is the practice of protecting plants against pests, diseases, and harmful influences to ensure healthy growth and reliable harvests. It is essential [...] residues Biologicals leave little to no residues on crops. This enhances food safety and reduces the risk of pesticide residues in the food chain, addressing [...] well-established understanding of biocontrol's benefits. Lower risk to human health Biological crop protection poses minimum to no risks to growers and consumers

• Apple scab

  January 1, 1970

  has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on release of ascospores and risk of infection, a decision support systems has been build. This system [...] and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These [...] free water is available. They infect the plant by direct penetration of the cuticula and then grow between the cuticula and the epidermis of the plant cells

• Biological Pest Control

  January 1, 1970

  no health risks to humans or domestic animals, making them a safer option. Types of biological pest control There are three primary types of biological [...] biocontrol, is a method of managing pests using natural predators, parasitoids, or pathogens. This approach partners with nature to maintain the balance of ecosystems [...] the establishment of self-sustaining populations, augmentative control focuses on short-term, targeted interventions. This method is often used in agricultural

• Wheat bunt

  January 1, 1970

  heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt [...] reduces the risk of infection by Triticum tritici and Triticum laevis . Since Triticum controversa mostly attacks the 2-3 leaf stage, this is less effective [...] tritici and Tilletia laevis only differ in one gene and easily hybridize. There is debate whether they should indeed be considered separate species, since

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  January 1, 1970

  symptoms Ascochyta pisi causes spots on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The spots on leaves and pods are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The [...] sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds may have brown areas. Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf [...] cuticle. On the lesions, pycnidia are formed from which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are exuded. Secondary infection is by splash dispersal of these

• Glasshouse potato aphid

  January 1, 1970

  (winter eggs are produced) lifecycles. There is no alternation of hosts, and the two types of life cycles occur on the same host plant. The aphid can overwinter [...] by a number of darker bands, and their length exceeds that of the body. The legs are also long, there are two distinctive dark green spots on the abdomen [...] glasshouse potato aphid ( Aulacorthum solani) is a native European species of aphids , seriously affecting crops of sweet pepper in particular. These aphids

• Leaf stripe

  January 1, 1970

  graminea is monocyclic, which means there is only one disease cycle during the cropping season. The fungus is seed-borne and this systemic infection is the [...] General Pyrenophora graminea is a disease of Barley that causes significant yield losses. Damage symptoms Symptoms first occur on the first, second and third [...] third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown