Parasitic wasps

begin to feed on the host pest. They consume the host from the inside, which ultimately leads to the death of the host. Pupal stage: After the larvae have [...] suitable host pest. The choice of host depends on the specific species of parasitic wasp, as they often exhibit host specificity. The female parasitic wasp [...] eggs either inside the host's body or attaches them to the host's exterior. Larval development: When the parasitic wasp eggs hatch, the newly emerged larvae

Cotton bollworm

long. The first instars are the most mobile, and move like loopers. The caterpillars are often aggressive and cannibalistic. Pupation occurs in the soil [...] General The cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) occurs in the tropics and sub-tropics of all continents except for North America. Larvae of the cotton [...] feed on soft leaves, creating small holes. When they reach the second instar, they can penetrate fruit through a small hole, often bored near the stalk

Predatory mites

essential to know where the pest is, how severe the infestation is and to identify the pest. Select the right predatory mite: Choose the appropriate species [...] Quantity: Determine the appropriate quantity of predatory mites needed based on factors such as the size of your crop and the severity of the pest infestation [...] areas. The larvae have three pairs of legs. Depending on the predatory mite species larvae are active or inactive. Once the larva has moulted to the protonymph

Citrus leaf miner

singly up to 50 on lower surface of the leaves near the mid-rib. The caterpillar enters the leaf tissue after hatching from the egg and starts mining between [...] Damage symptoms The minute larvae enter the leaf tissues of tender leaves and feeding on them produces snake-like mine. This causes the leaves to curl and [...] between the two layers. The larvae excrete their faeces into the mine forming a visible trail. Pupation occurs inside the mines and tiny adult emerge after 5

Codling moth

invading the fruit, the larvae first form a small cavity just under the skin. The entry hole can be seen and is usually plugged by dry frass. The larva then [...] days. The first instar larvae burrow into the fruitlets, often through the calyx. Larger fruits are usually entered through the side or near the stalk [...] burrows towards the core and eats a large proportion of the flesh, leaving behind brown frass. The entry point is then greatly enlarged as the tissue beneath

Mushroom

toadstool, is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. Edible mushrooms are the fleshy [...] poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste and aroma. Most mushrooms sold in supermarkets have been commercially grown on mushroom farms. The most popular [...] which bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be observed with the naked eye). They can appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground

Cercospora leaf spot

humidity favours the spread of the disease and severity. The fungus has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time [...] dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry up results in shot-hole appearance to the leaves. Severely infected [...] leaf spots can be caused by many species of Cercospora species depending on the plant type infected. Infected seeds, infected plants and plant debris are

Grape mealy bug

to considerable yield loss. Damage symptoms Adults and nymphs suck the sap from the leaves, shoots, flowers and grape bunches. Malformation of leaves and [...] mould growth on infected area. Young vines often die due to severe infestation of mealy bugs. Feeding damage in grapes is minimal but the marketability [...] bugs on grape berries. Infected bunches are not suitable for making raisins. Life cycle and appearance Mealy bugs are found in crevices of stem, on leaves

Glasshouse potato aphid

deformations in the growing tip of the plant. Precisely where the plant is pierced is unimportant. The piercing of the lower leaves in the crop can cause [...] length exceeds that of the body. The legs are also long, there are two distinctive dark green spots on the abdomen at the base of the cornicles. Alate (winged) [...] lifecycles. There is no alternation of hosts, and the two types of life cycles occur on the same host plant. The aphid can overwinter not only in greenhouses

Citripar

a hole in the sticker on the lid. Use the label to hang the tube in the crop following the instructions on the label itself. Hang the tube on a place out [...] develop in the mummified skin of the host and look like swollen mealybug larvae. Empty pupae have an irregular exit hole at the posterior end of the mummy after [...] advice on the best strategy for your situation. Environmental conditions The parasitic wasps are most effective at temperatures around 25°C/77°F. The lowest