• Citripar

  pen or sharp tool to make a hole in the sticker on the lid. Use the label to hang the tube in the crop following the instructions on the label itself. [...] of Citripar depends on climate, crop and mealybug density and should always be adjusted to the particular situation. Start introduction preventively or as [...] mealybugs , particularly the second and third larval and adult stage of female citrus mealybugs ( Planococcus citri ) and vine mealybugs ( Planococcus ficus

• Two-spotted spider mite

  deutonymph, and adult. In the larval and nymphal stages, an active period and a resting period of roughly equal duration can be distinguished. Eggs are usually [...] nymphs and adults cause damage to the host plant by feeding on plant sap. They mainly occur on the underside of leaves where they pierce the cells and suck [...] yellow, and in many plants the damage can also be seen on the upper surface of leaves as small yellow dots. The destruction of cells results in reduced

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  galls on the stems, which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the [...] After infection, galls are formed which break open, releasing many bacteria. These are dispersed by rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no [...] growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed [...] leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by splashing rain drops or wind. On the infected ears, the typical pink spores are produced which may [...] different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed

• Crane flies

  emerge from the soil in late summer to fall, and females mate and lay 200-300 eggs. Larvae emerge within one week and then feed on roots and crowns of grasses [...] called leatherjackets, live in the soil and feed on roots and shoots (which they pull into the ground of mainly grasses and cereal crops. The adults do [...] spindly legs and one pair of narrow, clear wings with clearly visible veins. Eggs are black in colour, oval, 1mm long and deposited on the soil surface

• Rose aphid

  is dark in colour. The siphunculi are black and bent outwards. The rose aphid usually overwinters on rose bushes in the egg stage, although in mild winter [...] aphids. In summer, winged aphids spread the infestation to other rose plants and sometimes also to secondary hosts. Colonies are often present on rose bushes [...] retard the growth of buds and new shoots. Foliage and flowers are often disfigured and contaminated with sticky honeydew on which black sooty moulds develop

• Broad mite

  of legs in both males and females is different to the others and not used for walking. After moulting to the third larval stage the larvae stay in their [...] their eggs mainly on the underside of the leaf or on the fruit surface. The elongated, oval eggs are firmly attached to the surface and are rather large (about [...] mite family. There are species that feed on fungi, algae, plants, as well as insect and mite predators and parasites. Those living on plants can cause

• Spotted Wing Drosophila

  fruit. There are three larval instars and in the third instar the larvae are about 3.9 mm long. The pupae of Drosophila suzukii are tan-brown and 3 mm long [...] spotted-wing drosophila are small, 2-3 mm in lengthg, and have a wingspan of 6-8 mm. Males are smaller than females. They can be easily distinguished from [...] its invasion in 2008/2009, the spotted wing drosophila, which is originally from Asia, has spread extensively in North and South America and Europe where

• Leafhoppers

  feeding reduces photosynthesis, weakens plant growth and can lead to reduced yield and lower crop quality. In addition, leafhoppers can transmit plant pathogens [...] spread within greenhouse and field crops. Effective leafhopper control is therefore essential to maintain healthy and productive cultivation. By combining [...] of leafhoppers Leafhoppers are highly mobile, sap-sucking pests that feed on plant leaves, causing discoloration, stippling and leaf curling. Their feeding

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  demarcation line on cucumber roots. The lesions are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The [...] away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may [...] disinfection needs to be applied thoroughly and evenly. Phomopsis sclerotioides forms sclerotia which can survive adverse conditions for years in the soil, but