Sugar cane

Saccharum spp. Sugar cane About Native to the tropical regions of South Asia and Melanesia, sugar cane belongs to the tall perennial true grass genus, Saccharum [...] six metres. The sucrose is extracted in mill factories to be processed into sugar or fermented to produce ethanol. The world’s sugar consumption is derived [...] plentiful rainfall for a period of more than six months per annum. It does not tolerate severe frosts.

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later the fruit [...] is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Prevent high humidity Use sanitation to prevent spread within the crop [...] carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora is very common, but does not often reach epidemic population densities. It can survive as epiphytic bacteria

Orange

Citrus reticulata ). Its genes can be traced to about 25% pomelo and some 75% mandarin. The hybrid however is not a basic backcrossed BC1 hybrid, but the orange [...] fruit that derives from the citrus species Citrus X sinensis that belongs to the family of Rutaceae . The Citrus X sinensis can be divided into four subgroups [...] orange is actually hybridized over multiple generations. When it comes to the fruit of various kinds of oranges, the fruit of the Citrus X sinensis is

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and Phytophthora. They survive as oospores. From [...] the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period that is required. Inside the plant [...] can take up nutrients from the living plant cells. The pathogens continue to grow inside the leaves and after a while new spore-bearing structures are

Grape mealy bug

Grape mealy bug General Mealy bug causes increasing threat to grape cultivation which leads to considerable yield loss. Life cycle and appearance Mealy bugs [...] due to infestation of growing points. Honey dew secretion of mealy bugs support sooty mould growth on infected area. Young vines often die due to severe [...] greatly affected due to its cottony egg mass, honey dew, sooty mould and dead mealy bugs on grape berries. Infected bunches are not suitable for making

Beet armyworm

a regular problem for horticulturalists due to its resistance to nearly all insecticides, and its ability to develop on wild vegetation during the summer [...] of caterpillars, the damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. This often leads to the entire contents being consumed. In [...] groups of 10 to 250 eggs. They hatch after several days, revealing small, drab yellow-green caterpillars . Their colour gradually changes to yellow, green

Strawberry

is a well-known hybrid species of the genus Fragaria (collectively referred to as the strawberries). Technically speaking, the strawberry is a so-called [...] accessory fruit. This means that the fleshy, edible part of the fruit does not develop from the plant’s ovaries, but from the receptacle that holds these

Loose smut of barley

Damage symptoms How to prevent Loose smut of barley Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply [...] survival structure. Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f.

Loose smut of wheat

Damage symptoms How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply [...] survival structure. Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f.sp

Blight of pepper

species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They thrive at soil temperatures between [...] are spores with flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also [...] wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water