sporangia often germinate directly and the germ tubes infect the plants either through the stomata or directly by penetrating the cuticula. For germination
on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in
fruits. The larval development takes place in the fruit. The larvae pupate either fully or partly in the fruit, or outside the fruit on the ground.
slender and remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain
strict measures are taken to eradicate the infection. In tomato, growers must either destroy the infected crop entirely or, if the crop is old, only the plants
contact with water for no more than a few hours. Powdery mildew spores, either ascospores or conidia, don’t need nutrients or water for germination. In
wrinkled stripes dorsally and a yellow band running the length of the body on either side, above which there is a black dot on each segment. The young caterpillars
on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip, or
exhibit host specificity. The female parasitic wasp carefully inserts its eggs either inside the host's body or attaches them to the host's exterior. Larval
