Citrus mealybug

development. After the second instar, a male nymph forms a dark brown ‘prepupa’ from which a pupa rapidly develops, inside a white cottony cocoon. Females undergo [...] is to fertilize the females and as soon as a male emerges from its cocoon, it goes in search of a female. A fertilized female lays several hundreds of [...] Planococcus citri ) has a world-wide distribution and many and diverse host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse

Orius laevigatus

in order to establish a population and encourage mating Make sure the material remains undisturbed at the introduction site for a few hours after application [...] per m2/release. Releases should be repeated once or twice. Consult a Koppert advisor or a recognized distributor of Koppert products for advice on the best [...] length. They have a black or dark brown body with white markings on their wings. The wings lie flat over their backs when at rest, displaying a characteristic

Diglyphus isaea

the mine by making a round hole through the upper epidermis. These round holes are the evidence that a parasitic wasp rather than a leaf miner has come [...] Diglyphus isaea is a small parasitic wasp belonging to the family Eulophidae within the order Hymenoptera . It is widely recognized for its role as a biological [...] temperatures (<20°C/68°F) it might be better to use Minusa. Consult a Koppert advisor or a recognized distributor of Koppert products for advice on the best

Cotton bollworm

on leaves. They are almost spherical with a flattened base and a diameter of about 0.5 mm. They are at first a shiny yellowish white, with their colour [...] 18 to 19 mm in length and have a wingspan of about 40 mm. The grey-green males are smaller. The forewings are edged with a line of black spots, and the hindwings [...] holes. When they reach the second instar, they can penetrate fruit through a small hole, often bored near the stalk. During development, the caterpillars

Southern blight

to grow saprophytically on organic substrate before acting as a pathogen. Injuries make a host more susceptible, but it can invade via direct penetration [...] causing infection in the plants. The sclerotia can survive in the soil for a minimum of a year. The telemorphic phase corresponds to the basidiomycetes Athelia [...] or compact. The sclerotia have a resistance structure resulting in longevity of more than five years in the soil, in a dry environment. Both the sclerotia

Black leg of seedlings

substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle [...] General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress [...] of seedlings Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group of microorganisms and is therefore not a real fungus. It survives as oospores, resting spores

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

solanacearum is a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range [...] Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant [...] incidence with up to 250% Quarantine measures are in place, including a five-year ban on using a field for potato cropping after infection of potatoes from that

Damping-off

substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle [...] General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress [...] Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group of microorganisms and is therefore not a real fungus. It survives as oospores, resting spores

Dwarf bunt

General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as [...] spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release [...] fish, hence the common name stinking bunt. Additionally, plants only reach a fraction of their normal height. Spikes are generally broader and the glumes

Angular leaf spot

t. When conditions are humid, a viscous bacterial exudate forms on the underside of the leaf. This exudate changes to a white film when it dries. Lesions [...] types of vascular tissue of the crown can be infected, creating a look similar to that of a Phytophthora fragariae infection. Life cycle and appearance of [...] General Xanthomonas fragariae is a leaf spot disease found in strawberry. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas fragariae initially causes small, water-soaked lesions