• American serpentine leaf miner

  world. Damage symptoms Leaf miners cause damage to plants both directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue [...] young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused by leaf miners. In gerbera, the larva of the American serpentine leaf miner [...] the identification of the species. Indirect damage arises when disease causing fungi or bacteria enter the plant tissue via the feeding spots. Life cycle

• Apple collar rot

  General Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogen that causes root rot, rhizome rot of strawberry, apple rot, apple collar rot and crown rot. It has an [...] an extremely wide host range. Damage symptoms Phytophthora cactorum causes seedling damping off, a reduced root system and black discolouration of the roots [...] above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  plant pathogen infecting cucurbits, causing black root rot of cucurbits. Damage symptoms Phomopsis sclerotioides causes grey-black spots with a dark demarcation [...] it is hard to distinguish from other wilt diseases. The fungus can also cause black fruit rot. Life cycle and appearance of Black root rot of cucurbits

• Mealybugs and scales

  A very small population can thus cause considerable loss of value. Soft scales feed mostly on leaves and twigs, causing discolouration of foliage, stunting [...] of plants and are mostly host plant specific. Apart from the damage they cause by sucking plant sap, mealybugs and soft scales also produce honeydew (on [...] nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation and/or yellowing of leaves, sometimes followed by defoliation

• Spider mites and other mites

  Broad mite damage Broad mites cause a distinct type of damage known as "bronzing", which can be confused with damage caused by plant viruses. This appears [...] mites, also known as flat mites, can cause a range of damage, depending on the species and the host plant. They often cause yellow-brown spots and discoloration [...] can rapidly infest greenhouse and field crops, feeding on plant cells and causing leaf discoloration, reduced photosynthesis and lower yields. Their fast

• Citrus leaf miner

  feeding on them produces snake-like mine. This causes the leaves to curl and twist. Severe infestation causes the leaves turn pale, curl badly, dry off and

• Caterpillars

  rs are highly destructive pests that feed on leaves, stems and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding reduces pho [...] chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many species cause damage to crops. The most harmful caterpillars that occur in greenhouses [...] a single crop, most are polyphagous. Caterpillar damage Caterpillars can cause serious economic damage. Most species feed on leaves and young shoots, and

• Beetles

  Biological control of beetles Beetles can cause serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced [...] others cannot fly at all. Beetle damage Both larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots [...] bore into stems, but in other species also feed on leaves. Adult beetles cause damage by feeding on fruits, flower buds and leaves depending on the species

• Bacterial spot

  is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots

• Gummy stem blight

  bryoniae) is a fungal plant pathogen that causes gummy stem blight. Damage symptoms Mycosphaerella cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and higher