• Beetles

  Learn more about What are beetles? Beetles belong to the order Coleoptera, a well-known group of insects that are easily recognizable on account of their hard [...] species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other species also feed on leaves. Adult beetles cause damage by feeding on fruits [...] variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored products. There are many useful beetles as well. For instance, ladybirds

• Flies

  conditions. Solutions for fly control Learn more about What are flies? There are several flies that are pests in agriculture, horticulture and mushroom cultivation [...] flies). The larvae of these insects generally live on rotting plant material and are mostly found in the soil. The spotted wing drosophila , Drosophila suzukii [...] recently developed into a major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their

• Gummy stem blight

  brown lesions on the foot and higher up on the stem. On the lesions, golden-brown gummy drops occur, hence the name gummy stem blight. On the lesions, black [...] The spores germinate when free water is present on the plant, at high relative humidity (RH) and on wounds. Leaves can be infected directly, through wounds [...] veins) or the hair bases. Stems are infected through wounds and by the infected leaves through the petioles. Fruits are infected through the flowers. The

• Spider mites and other mites

  control Learn more about What are mites? Plant mites are a diverse group of small arthropods that feed on plant sap. They are found in a wide variety of habitats [...] is needed to detect them. Plant mites are often found in colonies on the undersides of leaves, where they feed on the plant's sap. The damage caused by [...] with the female mite laying eggs. The eggs are usually spherical and laid on the underside of leaves or on other parts of the plant. The number of eggs

• Apple scab

  itself as lesions on blossoms, leaves, petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the [...] causes lesions, on which conidiophores, structures which carry conidia, are formed which extend through the cuticula. The asexual conidia are released and [...] In cultivars that are more resistant, this happens faster so the lesions remain smaller. Based on the research that has been done on the influence of climatic

• Fusarium wilt

  the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels [...] Fusarium oxysporum has many different formae speciales which are each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different [...] plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. Most Fusarium species only make asexual

• Angular leaf spot

  when transmitted light is used, they are translucent. When conditions are humid, a viscous bacterial exudate forms on the underside of the leaf. This exudate [...] become visible on the upper side of the leaf as irregular spots which are first reddish brown and then become necrotic. The foliar symptoms are the most important [...] conditions, bacteria ooze from the lesions on the leaves and form a secondary source of infection. They are dispersed by rain, irrigation water or handling

• Whitefly

  species are the greenhouse whitefly , Trialeurodes vaporariorum , and the tobacco whitefly , Bemisia tabaci . Both are widespread, polyphagous and are broadly [...] Biological control of whitefly Whiteflies are common pests in greenhouse and field crops, feeding on plant sap and transmitting harmful viruses. Their [...] traps Parasitic wasps are key in reducing whitefly populations by parasitizing larvae and host feeding. Predatory mites and bugs feed on eggs and larvae of

• Charcoal rot

  stay green. The first symptoms are mostly found after plants are well established and after plants begin bearing fruit or are subjected to stress. Severely [...] internal tissues of the main roots. In most crops, necrotic lesions on the roots are the first symptoms, followed by wilting, dropping of leaves and collapse [...] necrotic spots occur on the roots and the fungus spreads into the cortex and vascular tissue. In the infected host tissues, new sclerotia are formed. Wilting

• Early blight

  by leaf veins. Lesions can easily rupture. Other symptoms are brown lesions on stem and foot. On fruits, dark sunken, leathery lesions occur at the side [...] presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation [...] and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Early blight Remove crop residues