Bacterial wilt, brown rot

s roots on the stem. The vascular stem tissue is coloured brown and when the stem is cut, bacterial slime oozes from the wound. This is the way to distinguish [...] vascular browning is common with bacterial slime oozing from the cut. When the bacteria transfers to young plants through infected tubers, the wilting and collapse [...] signs of wilting during the day which may disappear in the early stages of infection. Under conditions favourable for the bacteria, the whole plant will wilt

Monitoring

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

downy mildews, the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period that is required. Inside [...] brown. On the underside of the leave fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens [...] directly and the germ tubes infect the plants either through the stomata or directly by penetrating the cuticula. For germination free water is required.

Root rot of carrot

after which whole sections of the leaf will die off. The fungus appears to prefer older tissue. In the field, the disease is difficult to distinguish from [...] to black lesions of various shapes. The lesions can merge and eventually cover the entire surface of the carrot. The affected areas are firm, shallow, and [...] develop on the surface. Initially, the disease forms circular to irregular spots on the leaves that vary in colour from grey to almost black. The spots appear

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also causes post- and [...] transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The conidia germinate and infect through the stomata or directly through the cuticle [...] on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The spots on leaves and pods are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and

Leaf stripe

graminea is monocyclic, which means there is only one disease cycle during the cropping season. The fungus is seed-borne and this systemic infection is the [...] primary infection. The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced on the infected leaves when humidity is high and wind-dispersed [...] formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death

Southern blight

lesions on the stem. As the damage progresses, it causes darkening and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root [...] southern blight is a disease caused by the fungus Athelia (Sclerotium) rolfsii . It is an important plant pathogen that inhabits the soil, and is responsible [...] darkening and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root. As a consequence, leaves higher up in the plant start yellowing

Fusarium wilt

Fusarium oxysporum is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species [...] Fusarium oxysporum is the species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts [...] upwards on the outside of the plant. Most Fusarium species only make asexual spores. Some also produce ascospores. The Fusarium oxysporum life cycle, is similar

Blight of pepper

leaf wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens [...] from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores [...] water, since the zoospores can readily move through water. This explains why the disease spreads more rapidly when the water content of the soil or substrate

Swirski-Mite Plus

in the crop, not exposed to direct sunlight Sachets already have an exit hole Hold sachets by the cardboard strip at the top, to avoid damaging the predatory [...] multiply in the sachet and disperse into the crop over a period of several weeks. Predatory mites use their piercing mouthparts to extract the contents of [...] ly or as soon as the first pest mites are detected in the crop. Use at least 4,000 sachets per ha and hang them evenly spaced in the crop. Release should