Soybean

centimetres long (1-3 inch) and contains two or four seeds that measure 5-11 mm in diameter. Soybean seeds vary greatly in size and the hull can be black or

Dwarf bunt

Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The [...] teliospores may survive in soil without suitable host for as long as ten years. Seed-borne transmission does occur, but is less important from an epidemiological [...] fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected seed The use of soil fungicides can help reduce the soil-borne inoculum Sowing

Spider mites and other mites

target different developmental stages of the pest: Predatory mites Predatory bugs Predatory gall midges Predatory mites provide the foundation of control by [...] by feeding on spider mite eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults. Predatory bugs and gall midges complement this activity by seeking out mite hotspots and reducing

Pink Bollworm

the boll. Reduction of lint development, discolouration, and destruction of seed. Premature drop off infested bud and immature bolls. Premature opened bolls [...] larvae may undergo diapause in small cocoon in partially opened bolls, stored seed or in the soil. Diapausing larvae emerge when conditions are favourable but

Bacterial spot

tomato plants in the field and on diseased plant debris. The bacteria are also seed-transmitted. Disease development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and [...] to prevent Bacterial spot Use clean propagation material and disease-free seed Remove sources of inoculum such as dead leaves In field-grown tomato and

Palm trees

and subtropical climates. The red palm mite ( Raoiella indica ), the palm seed beetle ( Caryobruchus gleditsiae ) and the red palm weevil ( Rhynchophorus

Early blight

Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Sporulation of Alternaria occurs at temperatures [...] Early blight Remove crop residues, weeds and volunteer plants. Use clean seed and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores

Wheat bunt

Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores [...] fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected seed The use of soil fungicides can help reduce the soil-borne inoculum Sowing

Verticillium wilt

takes place via water, soil particles, tools, etc. Verticillium can also be seed-borne and tuber-borne. The optimum temperature for Verticillium albo-atrum [...] at a temperature if at least 65 o C for a minimum of 30 minutes Use clean seed, tubers or cuttings Grow less susceptible cultivars Prevent damage to the

Fusarium spp.

mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection [...] resistant cultivar Apply adequate crop rotation Use clean propagation material (seed can be treated effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse