• Charcoal rot

  foliage, stunting of plants and drying and death of older leaves. The youngest central leaves usually remain unaffected and stay green. The first symptoms [...] necrotic lesions on the roots are the first symptoms, followed by wilting, dropping of leaves and collapse of the entire plant. Life cycle and appearance of [...] During the next two days, necrotic spots occur on the roots and the fungus spreads into the cortex and vascular tissue. In the infected host tissues, new

• Blight of pepper

  leaves and fruits. Several Phytophthora species cause root- and crown rot in potted plants. The small roots die and brown-black lesions occur on the larger [...] growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures [...] causes blight and fruit rot of peppers and other important commercial crops. Damage symptoms Phytophthora causes root rot, seedling damping off and rot of stems

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse [...] between 4 and 35 °C, with an optimum between 25 and 28 °C. Germination only occurs at relative humidity (RH) above 80%. Warm (25-30 °C) and humid (RH above [...] ammonium Prevent damage during harvest and during post-harvest storage and enhance wound healing after harvest, depending on the crop Prevent plant diseases by

• Apple scab

  which at first presents itself as lesions on blossoms, leaves, petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When [...] lesions remain smaller. Based on the research that has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on release of ascospores and risk of infection, a decision [...] bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores. Depending on the temperature, these ascospores mature and are subsequently released when they

• Apple collar rot

  growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures [...] black discolouration of the roots. On the foot, dark brown lesions with sharp borders occur. Above the graft and on leaves, dark brown, irregular lesions [...] es between 15 and 23 °C and higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the

• Black rot of carrots

  Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival [...] Typically, Alternaria causes spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused [...] within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain

• Phytophthora blight

  growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures [...] growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually circling the stem. On potato [...] es between 15 and 23 °C and higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  leaves and fruits. Leaves and shoots wilt. On the lower leaves, blister-like white lesions occur, which later turn brown and may merge. The leaves wilt [...] entire crop of the affected field and potatoes from other fields on the farm, are labelled as ‘suspect’ that year. On the infected field no potatoes or [...] years. On other fields on the same farm, no seed potatoes can be grown for one year after infection. Damage symptoms Clavibacter causes spots on stems,

• Dwarf bunt

  are generally broader and the glumes opened wider, than in plants infected with Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis Life cycle and appearance of Dwarf bunt [...] soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt. Damage symptoms Tilletia controversa causes (bunted) heads that are slender and remain green [...] green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than

• Verticillium wilt

  branches die off from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions are formed on the leaf, between the veins [...] erticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important plant pathogens. Verticillium dahlia causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato [...] microsclerotia, small hard survival structures that can withstand high and low temperatures and dehydration. Verticillium dahliae also survives as hyphae (mycelium)