Grape downy mildew

overwinters as oospores in fallen, infected leaves. In mild climates, it can also survive as mycelium in grape buds and canes. In spring, oospores germinate [...] Plasmopara viticola is a plant pathogen causing downy mildew in grapes. P. viticola occurs in nearly all grape-growing regions worldwide. Damage symptoms [...] stomata, giving following symptoms: On young Leaves: yellow, translucent ‘oilspots’ with a chocolate-brown halo. On older leaves: small, angular, yellow

Bacterial canker of tomato

the plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops, for example through splashes of rain or irrigation. Both in greenhouses and in the field, spraying [...] eradicate the infection. In tomato, growers must either destroy the infected crop entirely or, if the crop is old, only the plants in the infected area, with [...] field and potatoes from other fields on the farm, are labelled as ‘suspect’ that year. On the infected field no potatoes or other Solaneceaous crops can be

Blight of pepper

optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] infection is either by germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required [...] Phytophthora species cause root- and crown rot in potted plants. The small roots die and brown-black lesions occur on the larger roots. Plants wilt and the crown

Bacterial spot

bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots on leaves which are first [...] spots may merge with lesions on the petioles and stems and form long dark streaks. On fruits, first small black specks are seen on green fruits. The specks [...] by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial

Diamond back moth

xylostella) are initially yellow or pale green and later darken. They are deposited singly or in small groups of two or ten eggs on both the upper and lower surface [...] cocoon, usually formed on the lower or outer leaves. They often stick to leaves and frequently hide in crevices near the bud. In cauliflower and broccoli [...] Heavily damaged plants appear stunted and will, in most cases, die. On rapeseed, larvae also feed on flower buds, flowers and young seed pods, causing

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop [...] (bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora causes bacterial stem rot [...] the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem seems

Orius laevigatus

laevigatus is available in a bottle ( Thripor-L ) Shake bottle gently before use Spread material on clean rock wool slabs, leaves and/or in application boxes [...] development (four per day on average). Adult females can kill up to 20 nymphs or six to seven adults per day. They are also cannibalistic. In pollen producing plants [...] and assess their impact on pest control. Recognizing these stages helps in understanding their establishment and effectiveness in the biocontrol program

Asian citrus psyllid

citrus in several countries as it is a vector of a serious citrus disease called greening disease or Huanglongbing. It is widely distributed in southern [...] into plant tissue to feed. Adults feed on young stems and on leaves of all developmental stages. Nymphs feed on young leaves and stems, continuously secreting [...] black sooty mold develops on the honeydew. Their feeding damages citrus by burning back new shoots or causing leaves to twist or notch as they mature. Worst

Beet armyworm

usually grey but sometimes greenish or pinkish, are laid at night, preferably low in the crop on the underside of leaves, in groups of 10 to 250 eggs. They [...] the ground in preparation for pupation. Although pupation sometimes occurs in the crop, it usually takes place on the surface of the ground in a loosely [...] to develop on wild vegetation during the summer. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants of more than 20 families. It is a serious pest in greenhouses

Woolly apple aphid

(without wax covering) on apple trees sheltering in cracks and under loose bark. The nymphs become active in late March or April (in the northern hemisphere) [...] seen, mainly on spurs and branches. Many generations occur during the summer months, also on new growth. Water shoots arising from the trunk or main branches [...] crawl or are blown by the wind from tree to tree. Sometimes a few winged aphids are produced in summer. Winged egg-laying females are produced in early