• Southern blight

  affected plants present girdling of the stem, which causes wilting of the upper part, necrosis, loss of leaves, and death of the plant. Symptoms begin with [...] and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root. In highly humid conditions, white mycelium growth is observed on [...] was first observed in tomato crops in Florida in 1892, and it has been regularly reported as causing rotting to the root and stem in tomato plants. Significant

• Fusarium spp.

  the baking quality of wheat and brewing qualities of barley. Furthermore, mycotoxins are produced, of which DON (deoxynivalenol) is the best-known. The [...] appearance of Fusarium spp. Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops [...] ascospores. In general, the life cycle of different Fusarium species is similar. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil, and on crop residues of infected

• Anagyrus vladimiri

  vladimir is available in a bottle ( Citripar ). Remove the label from the bottle according to the instructions Hang the bottle in the crop, out of direct [...] e black and white banded antennae. The male is 0.8 mm in length and black in colour. Anagyrus vladimiri is arrhenotokous; virgin females produce male offspring [...] sunlight Deploy in or near the mealybug colonies Leave bottles in the crop for at least two weeks Carry out adequate ant control The dosage of Citripar depends

• Apple scab

  dark lesions which may not be noticed before harvest. Life cycle and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting [...] released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already [...] mechanism is to produce corky rings around the lesions to prevent further invasion of tissue by the fungus. Late fruit infection only results in small dark

• Phytophthora blight

  higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores [...] a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora [...] overwintering structures which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with flagellae which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root

• Lurem-TR

  occidentalis and Thrips tabaci . Crops Protected crops. Mode of action Lurem contains a kairomone, which is slowly released from the dispenser once opened. This [...] Lurem-TR increases the attraction of thrips to blue and yellow sticky traps and thus ensures earlier discovery of the pest. Pests Several thrips species [...] package contains 20 dispensers. Preparation Twist the top of the dispenser to activate the release of the kairomone. Application Hang the dispenser next to

• Apple collar rot

  higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores [...] overwintering structures, which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root [...] General Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogen that causes root rot, rhizome rot of strawberry, apple rot, apple collar rot and crown rot. It has an

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  produced from wounds, which is not seen in Clavibacter -infected plants. In tomato, the youngest leaves are affected first. They show signs of wilting during [...] solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical [...] range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field symptoms of Ralstonia solanacearum are wilting and yellowing of leaves and stunted plants

• Beneficial microorganisms

  it produces more spores, which can be released into the environment to infect other pests. Advantages of microorganisms in agriculture No harmful residue [...] biological systems and organisms. These microorganisms play a crucial role in biological pest control by effectively infecting and controlling harmful pests [...] for pest control include fungi, bacteria and viruses that naturally occur in environments such as soil, water, and air. These microorganisms are harnessed

• Dwarf bunt

  contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three [...] General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as [...] appearance of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection