• Black rot of carrots

  General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperatures occur between species, but in general, the risk of Alternaria infection is larger [...] seed and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat

• Damping-off

  higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage [...] are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature [...] Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag in growth. Seedlings start falling over, also called ‘damping-off’

• Angular leaf spot

  overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants [...] resistant to desiccation and can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid conditions, bacteria ooze [...] during the day and cold nights, in combination with high humidity or presence of water. These conditions occur mostly in the spring if it rains or when

• Early blight

  General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria infection is larger [...] seed and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat

• Charcoal rot

  °C and dry conditions. In field crops in temperate regions it is therefore not a problem. How to prevent Charcoal rot Plant in fields with no history of [...] and appearance of Charcoal rot The fungus survives in the soil and on crop residues as microsclerotia. In corn stalks, survival of up to 1.5 years has been [...] General Macrophomina phaseolina is a common soil fungus in warmer regions, causing charcoal rot. It has a very wide range of host crops, many of which

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical [...] for Race 3 is 27 °C, which makes it more dangerous in temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts [...] xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field symptoms of Ralstonia solanacearum

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative [...] caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue [...] gutters etc. Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside

• Apple scab

  unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores [...] parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already fallen off the trees. In response to the infection [...] results in small dark lesions which may not be noticed before harvest. Life cycle and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form

• Verticillium wilt

  are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk [...] system usually stays mostly intact. In rose, branches die off from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions [...] the plant produces gum in the vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant

• Pomegranate wilt complex

  plants show yellowing in some branches or twigs followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish [...] bark and vascular discoloured bands in the stem and roots. Disease cycle The fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant debris and soil. The [...] around the tree for three times at weekly intervals. Mix 10gm Vici Routz SP in 10 liter of water and drench to the root zone per tree 12 days after final