Pollination checklist outdoor

Koppert's bumblebees ensure natural pollination in both indoor and outdoor crops. Good pollination in outdoor crops can be achieved by following the r [...] direct sunlight, particularly in warm periods. Provide the hive with sufficient shade, for example by positioning it in the shadow of the crop. Ensure [...] may be visited by bumblebees in addition to the target crop. You should therefore mow or cut down any flowering weeds in and around the area to be pollinated

Powdery mildew

stomata. Conidia are the main means of dispersal. They are dispersed by wind, as are the ascospores. In general, powdery mildew fungi are not very resistant [...] Damage symptoms Powdery mildew symptoms are fairly similar in all plant-pathogen combinations. The symptoms are white fluffy colonies, first and foremost [...] foremost on the upper side of the leaf. In severe epidemics in cereals, the ears may also be infected. In pepper, the fluffy colonies occur mostly on the underside

Angular leaf spot

overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants [...] resistant to desiccation and can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid conditions, bacteria ooze [...] look dark green, but when transmitted light is used, they are translucent. When conditions are humid, a viscous bacterial exudate forms on the underside

Apple scab

scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the lesions become grey and fluffy. The lesions caused by ascospores are more restricted, whereas [...] unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores [...] parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already fallen off the trees. In response to the infection

Pierce's disease of grapevine

species: in peach, bacteria are found in high numbers in the roots, whereas in plum, high numbers are found in leaves and fruits. The bacteria are transferred [...] die. This happens faster in younger vines than in older ones and faster in susceptible cultivars (within 2-3 years) than in more tolerant cultivars, which [...] vectors or dormant plants. In citrus, the bacteria can be transferred in seed used for propagation. The bacteria are limited in many regions by winter conditions

Ervipar

wasp emerges through a hole at the rear of the mummy. The first mummies are noticed in the crop around 10-14 days after the first introduction. Visual effect [...] Carrier Buckwheat hulls. Application Spread the material on rock wool slabs or in Diboxes Make sure the material remains dry and is not moved from its introduction [...] 77°F). Not effective at temperatures above 30°C/86°F. Combined use Can be used in combination with other aphid biocontrol agents, like for instance Aphidend

Fusarium spp.

whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels, which can be seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations may [...] solani : Members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are capable of causing disease in many agriculturally important crops Damage symptoms of Fusarium [...] pinkish-red as spores are formed. Ear infection decreases the baking quality of wheat and brewing qualities of barley. Furthermore, mycotoxins are produced, of

Damping-off

aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings [...] subsequently zoospores are produced. Zoospores are spores with flagellae, which enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to [...] most rapidly in wet conditions with a high water content ( > 70%) of the soil or substrate. Oospores are dispersed when soil particles are moved around

Black leg of seedlings

Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag in growth. Seedlings fall over (‘ damping-off ’). In slightly older plants [...] subsequently zoospores are produced. Zoospores are spores with flagellae, which enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to [...] most rapidly in wet conditions with a high (>70%) water content of the soil or substrate. Oospores are dispersed when soil particles are moved around by

Dwarf bunt

teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without [...] TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt. Damage symptoms Tilletia controversa causes (bunted) heads that are slender and [...] reach a fraction of their normal height. Spikes are generally broader and the glumes opened wider, than in plants infected with Tilletia tritici and Tilletia