• Gummy stem blight

  tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and [...] which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits. The symptoms on stems, leaves and inside the fruits

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth [...] equipment Promote rapid closing of wounds Disinfest recirculating irrigation water Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop resilience [...] survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying

• Apple collar rot

  General Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogen that causes root rot, rhizome rot of strawberry, apple rot, apple collar rot and crown rot. It has an [...] In strawberry, the heart leaves wilt first, then the whole plant. Life cycle and appearance of Apple collar rot Phytophthora species are very destructive [...] pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed,

• Bacterial spot

  vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential [...] cycle and appearance of Bacterial spot Xanthomonas vesicatoria survives on volunteer tomato plants in the field and on diseased plant debris. The bacteria [...] (underside of) leaf surfaces and may enlarge into dark brown lesions with a light brown centre. As with powdery mildew infection, pepper plants shed the

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  irregular crop density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum [...] greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants Ensure there is adequate soil drainage Apply nitrogen in the form of nitrate instead of ammonium Prevent damage during [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are

• Pomegranate wilt complex

  cause), species of Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium, Macrophomina, Phytophthora are occasionally associated with fungi. Symptoms Affected plants show yellowing [...] followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish brown to black colouration of wood below bark and vascular [...] fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant debris and soil. The pathogen spreads through planting material, root grafts, soil, irrigation, rain

• Wheat bunt

  karnal bunt of wheat. Damage symptoms Plantsinfected by Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis are hard to distinguish from infected plants before head emergence [...] before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually inside the kernels. When [...] leaf stage, this is less effective for this fungus Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop resilience.

• Spider mites and other mites

  about What are mites? Plant mites are a diverse group of small arthropods that feed on plant sap. They are found in a wide variety of habitats, from forests [...] drop or death of the plant. Damage symptoms are important for early detection of plant-feeding mites and effective management, as their small size and tendency [...] necrosis. Life cycle of mites The life cycle of mites typically consists of four stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The duration of their life cycle can

• Phytophthora blight

  blight and late / early blight of potato. Damage symptoms Phytophthora causes root rot, seedling damping off and rot of stems, bulbs, tubers, leaves and [...] a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora [...] pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed that

• Leaf stripe

  the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death of the leaf [...] disease. Infected plants may be stunted and heads may be distorted and failing to emerge from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced [...] environments without irrigation, to decrease the chances of infection Use clean seed Avoid the use of untreated farm-saved seeds or at least test the seed