Dwarf bunt

teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without [...] y, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination [...] a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt. Damage symptoms

Fusarium head blight or scab

Some also produce ascospores. In general, most Fusarium specieshave a similar life cycle. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues [...] effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants [...] root rot, foot and stem rot, leaf lesions, fruit rot, fusarium head blight in cereals, such as wheat (fusarium head blight wheat) and post-harvest decay

Wheat bunt

kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days [...] tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores, also [...] General Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis only differ in one gene and easily hybridize. There is debate whether they should indeed be considered separate

Grape downy mildew

primarily as oospores in fallen leaf litter, though in milder climates it can also persist as mycelium within infected buds and canes. In spring, oospore g [...] mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola , is one of the most important diseases in wine and table grape production worldwide. The disease spreads rapidly under [...] wet conditions, infecting leaves, shoots, and young berries, often resulting in severe yield and quality losses. Infections during flowering and early berry

Fusarium wilt

effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants [...] vascular wilt, root rot, foot and stem rot, leaf lesions, fruit rot, head blight in cereals and post-harvest decay. Fusarium oxysporum is the species causing [...] discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations may die and the soil may not be suitable for planting

Cercospora leaf spot

disease and severity. The fungus has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time. Management Spray Veni GoKlean at the [...] coalesce. The spots dry up results in shot-hole appearance to the leaves. Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely results in reduced yield. Stem, petiole

Bacterial spot

dead leaves In field-grown tomato and pepper rotate fields to prevent infection from volunteer plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity [...] leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots on leaves which are first round and [...] brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and

Gummy stem blight

the leaves Pick flowers within two days after opening in areas suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves [...] pathogen that causes gummy stem blight. Damage symptoms Mycosphaerella cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and higher up on the stem. On the [...] spores, become visible. On the leaves, round and extending lesions may occur. In cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only

Blight of pepper

optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] leaves and fruits. Several Phytophthora species cause root- and crown rot in potted plants. The small roots die and brown-black lesions occur on the larger [...] Secondary infection is either by germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is

Cottony soft rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between [...] mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big, dark sclerotia are formed. They can easily be seen with [...] and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia